European Disease in the New World Essay -- American America History

European Disease in the New World Humans possess an innate curiosity that drives us to explore the unknown. Documentation of exploration by sea goes as far back as 3200 B.C., when Pharaoh Snefru brought 40 ships from Byblus to Phoenicia, followed by the first recorded expedition of exploration from Egypt in 2750 B.C, (http//www.mariner.org/age/histexp.html). Events such as these would eventually give way to a period of vigorous exploration known as the Age of exploration. At the height of the Age of Exploration in the early fifteenth century, European nations became poised to expand their influence to the rest of the world. Due to their remarkable programs of sustained and systematic exploration, they were well equipped for countless expeditions driven by the desire for fortune and conquest, often disguised by a religious agenda. What resulted in their efforts, however, was not the enlightenment of a people, but rather, the transformation, and in some cases, the destruction of the cultures that these Europeans discovered. They brought more than materials, technologies, and i...

Separation Of Church And State Essay -- History Historical Education R

Separation of Church and StateBy the middle of the 20th Century, the United States had emerged as a landpower. It accomplished this through its leadership in defeating Germany andjapan in World War II. These two countries main objective was to enslave theworld and destroy political, spiritual, and economic freedom. In Germany orJapan, any superstar who disagreed with these goals, or was different was destroyed.This was a common practice in these two fascist countries. Unfortunately, atthe same epoch of its emergence as a world power, the United States began to slipinto a form of judicial fascism. This slide began when the U.S. Supreme Courtbegan to abandon the religious principles on which this nation was founded.The abandonment officially began in 1947 in Everson v. Board of Education, whenthe courtroom announced, The 1st amendment has erected a seawall between church andstate. That wall must be kept high and impregnable. We could not approve theslightest breach. (Barton, Origin al p.13) This exact fountain began the reversalof Supreme Court trends and opinions that had lasted for one hundred and cubic decimeteryears. Now, for almost fifty years, the Supreme Court , and the United Statespopulation in general, has used the expression separation of church and state whenreferring to the faith clause of the 1st Amendment.The 1st amendments true wording is Congress shall make no law respecting anestablishment of trust or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. (Barton,America To p.15) But, because of the Supreme Courts continuous citing of a wall of separation and separation of church and state, the publics idea ofthe 1st amendments religion clause has been shaped by phrases which do notappear anywhere in the Constitution. The First Congress, which passed thisAmendment in 1789, think to prohibit the establishment of a interior(a) religion.In fact, they didnt mind the establishment of official religions by states.At the start of the American Revolution, ni ne of the thirteen colonies hadestablished religions, so obviously no one was opposed to the coupling of churchand state.Unfortunately, this separation talk has been so furiously pounded into our heads,that a picture is painted falsely into our heads a picture of a roomful of pert atheists, agnostics, and deists framing our Constitution in 178... ...efore Everson v. Board of Education, the Supreme Courtmade interminable determinations regarding religion that directly contradict the past 50years of religious oppression. Some of these decisions refer to the U.S. as aChristian country. One, Davis v. Beason, in 1889, strikes down bigamy andpolygamy, rejecting arguments that they were religious exercises. The Courtstates Davis, a Mormon, was wrong, and that his actions were crimes by the lawsof all civilized and Christian countries. This decision clear shows theintent of the legislators of the era.(Barton, Original.. p.64-65)The solution to this problem lies in educating the people o f this great countryas to the intent of the Founders. In the evidence presented, it can be clearlyseen that the judicial fascism being practiced today and now, is clearly notwhat the Founding Fathers intended for our country. The solution to thereligious liberty/ aim prayer debate lies in the hands of Congress.(Barton, Aguide.. p.36)The media portrays supporters of a school prayer amendment as a natural fringeminority, when recent studies and surveys have shown that 71% of people favor anamendment for school prayer. Separation Of Church And State Essay -- History Historical Education RSeparation of Church and StateBy the middle of the 20th Century, the United States had emerged as a worldpower. It accomplished this through its leadership in defeating Germany andJapan in World War II. These two countries main objective was to enslave theworld and destroy political, religious, and economic freedom. In Germany orJapan, anyone who disagreed with these goals, or was di fferent was destroyed.This was a common practice in these two fascist countries. Unfortunately, atthe same time of its emergence as a world power, the United States began to slipinto a form of judicial fascism. This slide began when the U.S. Supreme Courtbegan to abandon the religious principles on which this nation was founded.The abandonment officially began in 1947 in Everson v. Board of Education, whenthe court announced, The 1st amendment has erected a wall between church andstate. That wall must be kept high and impregnable. We could not approve theslightest breach. (Barton, Original p.13) This exact case began the reversalof Supreme Court trends and opinions that had lasted for one hundred and fiftyyears. Now, for almost fifty years, the Supreme Court , and the United Statespopulation in general, has used the phrase separation of church and state whenreferring to the religion clause of the 1st Amendment.The 1st amendments actual wording is Congress shall make no law respectin g anestablishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. (Barton,America To p.15) But, because of the Supreme Courts continuous citing of a wall of separation and separation of church and state, the publics idea ofthe 1st amendments religion clause has been shaped by phrases which do notappear anywhere in the Constitution. The First Congress, which passed thisAmendment in 1789, intended to prohibit the establishment of a national religion.In fact, they didnt mind the establishment of official religions by states.At the start of the American Revolution, nine of the thirteen colonies hadestablished religions, so obviously no one was opposed to the coupling of churchand state.Unfortunately, this separation talk has been so furiously pounded into our heads,that a picture is painted falsely into our heads a picture of a roomful ofgodless atheists, agnostics, and deists framing our Constitution in 178... ...efore Everson v. Board of Education, the Supreme Courtmade countle ss decisions regarding religion that directly contradict the past 50years of religious oppression. Some of these decisions refer to the U.S. as aChristian country. One, Davis v. Beason, in 1889, strikes down bigamy andpolygamy, rejecting arguments that they were religious exercises. The Courtstates Davis, a Mormon, was wrong, and that his actions were crimes by the lawsof all civilized and Christian countries. This decision clearly shows theintent of the legislators of the era.(Barton, Original.. p.64-65)The solution to this problem lies in educating the people of this great republicas to the intent of the Founders. In the evidence presented, it can be clearlyseen that the judicial fascism being practiced today and now, is clearly notwhat the Founding Fathers intended for our country. The solution to thereligious liberty/school prayer debate lies in the hands of Congress.(Barton, Aguide.. p.36)The media portrays supporters of a school prayer amendment as a radical fringeminority, wh en recent studies and surveys have shown that 71% of people favor anamendment for school prayer.

Sainsburys Analysis and Recommendations Essay -- Business Management

Sainsburys Analysis and RecommendationsManagement Styles There ar three main types of heed styles. These are autocratic, consultative and democratic. Autocratic ---------- The autocratic prudence style is one where the manager is used to give instructions. They tell people what to do instead of petition for their opinion on the matter in hand. The manager is the only person contributing to the decision making process in the business. Consultative ------------ The consultative management style is where managers consult early(a) people before making a decision. This management style is the opposite to autocratic. This type of management style wants to collect more(prenominal) than sources of information and opinions before any final decision is made. To do this successfully the business will bring on good communication channels so that the employees are able to give their opinions easily. The consultative manager will have to have listening skills and also the ability to create the right sorts of channels to consult other people. Things such as newsletters team briefings or suggestion boxes could be introduced to gather employees ideas and opinions. Democratic The democratic management style involves empowerment. Individual employees and teams are given the tariff to make their own decisions. The individuals or team is then held responsible for the decisions that it chooses to make. The manager will have to feel comfortable with their employees and have a good intellectual of them and decisions that they are making so that he/she doesnt fall behind on what the business is doing. They will need contin... ... communication in spite of appearance stores would make the employees feel more part of a team. If sainsburys were to relay less on post-it notes stuck on walls and actually speak to individuals about issues in the store I think employees would feel happier. As I discussed before, da ily team talks with employees who started first thing. These would only last five minutes and be about issues that employees would need to know for example how oftentimes the store is taking, how much it needs to take to reach its target, things to look out for e.g. doggie cheques. Each department would do this. Employees who didnt start first thing would have to read this team talk and sign it before starting work. If employees found working more enjoyable and it had more of a team atmosphere within sainsburys it would hopefully lead to a lower staff turnover.

Factors that Negatively Effect Fetal Development Essay -- essays resea

Factors that Negatively Effect Fetal DevelopmentPregnant women that smoke cigarettes on a daily basis can greatly harm their foetus. The Tobacco smoke in cigarettes greatly reduces fetal growth through the presence of nicotine, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, cadmium and various other smelling(p) hydrocarbons, but the two most dangerous chemicals that are found in cigarettes are nicotine and carbon monoxide. Nicotine causes the babies heart rate to speed up, reduces trans eutherian mammal vascularisation, constricts the placental arteries, and thickens the endothelium of placental blood vessels. This creates a reduction in the placental blood flow, and further reductions in oxygen delivery. As well nicotine interferes with the ability of the placenta to feed the minor the nutrients it requires. then the babies growth is slowed down. Carbon monoxide causes growing cells to be starved of oxygen, and effects the brain. This can lead to a low bear weight and higher chance of the baby dying at birth. Smoking is the single largest modifiable( changeable) risk factor in fetal growth retardation. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is also associated with genetic defects as well as an increased incidence of congenital malformations such as cleft palates, microcephalus, and clubfoot. Mothers who smoke adept pack a day during pregnancy ingest an 85% increased risk of having a child with mental retardation. Mothers that smoke during their pregnancy have double the chance of having a child with behavural problems.Another one of the biggest factors that disrupts fetal growth and development is alcohol. This is a very common substance abuse of pregnant women. Everytime the pregnant mother is drinking, her fetus is also drinking. The alcohol crosses the placental barrier, and goes directly into the fetuss liver. The ethanol found in alcohol may impair the nutrient support of the fetus. Acetaldehyde, a major metabolite, crosses the placenta and is teratogenic. Since t he alcohol stays in the fetus for a long time, the small liver is unable to metabolize the alcohol. The alcohol also travels through the blood stream going directly to the babys brain, and this can cost the central nervous system. The common, severe, and hazardous side effect that happens to the fetus because of alcohol is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. This is a very serious side effect that has permanent and sometimes ... ...e the death of the fetus. Pregnant women should distant themselves from heavy metals. such as, lead and methyl mercury which can harm the fetus.All pregnant women should be aware and cautious about contacting a disease. Some of the diseases are fatal and very hazardous to the fetus, while some only have minor effects on the fetus. Many of the diseases contacted by pregnant mothers are sexually contacted diseases. Some examples of these diseases are Aids, and Gonorrhea. There are also other non-related diseases such as, Rubella, and Toxoplasmolisis and, which can a ffect the fetus.Toxoplasmolisis is a bacterial infection. This is a parasitic disease that can effect the fetus, by causing growth retardation.Another harmful disease that can affect the fetus is Rubella or otherwise called German Measles. Pregnant woman that have Rubella during the first trimester can effect the fetus and cause a syndrome of birth defects called congenital rubella syndrome. This can cause deafness, cataracts, congenital heart disease, and mental retardation.In conclusion, pregnant women should try to avoid all substances that can be potentially harmful to the fetus within them.

My Bisexuality :: Personal Narrative Writing

My BisexualityDreams are dangerous and wild things, but once captured and tamed, powerful insights to who you really are. I had the classic American dream growing up, determination Prince Charming, getting married and living in a nice house with a white picket fence, two befools, and a dog. As I got old(a) that dream of mine faded away until, one day, it no longer existed. The funny thing is, I can pinpoint that day exactly and how it changed my life.I was a sophomore in high school and, after overcoming the stresses of my freshman year and having made a name for myself, I was quite content with who I was. I wasnt the popular cheerleader Barbie that everyone adores, but that was okay. I was me, and I was finally beginning to accept that. Years before, elementary through junior high, I was the kind of kid that was constantly insulted and teased. High school had been a new start for me, and I was proud of it. I seemed to ooze confidence myself, and however it happened, it drew other s to me that shared my resembling interests. In other words, I had real friends. It was the most amazing feeling in the world, to have friends, to belong I was me, really me, and I completely belonged.Then, it happened. I was at band practice, as usual, watching the marching drill from the sidelines. I cant remember what exactly caught my eye, but the next thing I knew I was in all entranced by the brass section. Maybe it was one of fates silvery threads whatever it was, I was under its spell. Did I just see what I think back I saw? Yes, yes I did It was the weirdest thing there was a green trumpet. Not gold, not silver, but greenWow I thought. Thats just awesome. I wonder what kind of person actually plays a green trumpet. And there you have it. The day that changed my life all started with nave curiosity. What can I imagine? It was so hot outside that my skin was melting into puddles on the pavement, I was absolutely bored out of my mind, and a green trumpet (and the owner of such) offered a pleasant change of pace in the monotonous tone of my day. I know, it sounds crazy, but from the first moment I saw the midday sun waver off that emerald instrument, fates plan had already been set in motion.

Napster Vs Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) :: essays research papers

Napster Under GlassOnline, you can find a digital version of any song that your heart desires from classical to loyal to country in less than 10 15 minutes. Terabytes or 1000000000000 (a trillion) bytes of Mp3 files can be found online at peak times, which roughly translates to 330,000 songs in 3100 antithetical collections. A Mp3 is an individual song converted into a digital format and playable on computers.A popular program easily accessible on the Internet is called Napster. After you knock download it from Napsters site, you basically tell it where you keep your Mp3 files and when it connects it cross-references everyones files and lets you search through them all and download as you please. 90% of the files that be traded daily are illegally ripped from CDs. Napster has a blurb at startup that states Copying or distributing unauthorized Mp3 files may violate United States and/or remote copyright laws. Compliance with copyright law remains your responsibility. The RIAA (R ecording Industry Association of America) is charging the site with copyright infringement and alleges that Napster has created a base for music piracy on an unprecedented scale. Napster contends that they provide the platform, not the actions, and that as the blurb states its up to the people. Napster is not at fault because the RIAA has overstepped their boundaries and infringed on first amendment rights online. Should the owner of the gun crap be charged with murder if a man he sold a gun to decides to shoot another man in cold slant? Of course not, if the shop owner followed all of the laws that govern him. Should the car dealership be charged with vehicular felonies every time one of their vehicles is involved in a crime? Certainly not. So why should softwares originator be responsible for what their software is used for? They shouldnt, but the only cerebrate the RIAA is jumping all over the Napster community is that they cant just go out and arrest everybody who decides to trade Mp3s online. The real people that the RIAA should crack down on are the people who use the rippers. A ripper is a computer program used to convert (rip) a musical track off of a CD and into a Mp3. They can be found on public shareware sites fairly simply with a search engine. The problem here is that the public in general uses them and can download them just like any other software.

Napster Vs Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) :: essays research papers

Napster Under GlassOnline, you can find a digital version of each song that your heart desires from classical to hardcore to country in less than 10 15 minutes. Terabytes or 1000000000000 (a trillion) bytes of Mp3 files can be found online at peak times, which roughly translates to 330,000 songs in 3100 different collections. A Mp3 is an individual song converted into a digital format and playable on computers.A best-selling(predicate) program easily accessible on the Internet is c entirelyed Napster. After you download it from Napsters site, you basically tell it where you keep your Mp3 files and when it connects it cross-references everyones files and lets you expect through them all and download as you please. 90% of the files that are occupationd daily are illegally ripped from CDs. Napster has a blurb at startup that states Copying or distributing unauthorized Mp3 files whitethorn violate United States and/or foreign copyright laws. Compliance with copyright law remains yo ur responsibility. The RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America) is charging the site with copyright infringement and alleges that Napster has created a base for music piracy on an unprecedented scale. Napster contends that they provide the platform, not the actions, and that as the blurb states its up to the people. Napster is not at fault because the RIAA has overstepped their boundaries and infringed on first amendment rights online. Should the owner of the gun shop be charged with murder if a man he sold a gun to decides to shoot some other man in cold blood? Of course not, if the shop owner followed all of the laws that govern him. Should the car dealership be charged with vehicular felonies every time one of their vehicles is involved in a crime? Certainly not. So why should software systems originator be responsible for what their software is used for? They shouldnt, but the only reason the RIAA is jumping all over the Napster community is that they cant just go out and arrest everybody who decides to trade Mp3s online. The real people that the RIAA should crack down on are the people who use the rippers. A ripper is a computer program used to convert (rip) a musical track off of a CD and into a Mp3. They can be found on public shareware sites fairly simply with a search engine. The problem here is that the public in general uses them and can download them just like any other software.

Cruise Ship Vacation vs. Land Based Resort Vacation

Instead of taking an ordinary family vacation this year, consider the rewards of a cruise vacation. As opposed to just staying at the stamping ground you are put downing, you could be visiting a different country al some every day conviction. Even with time restrictions while in ports of call, cruiseship vacations are fun and educational because you can visit quaternion countries in seven days. From weekend getaways to world cruises, there is a cruise available that lead fit within your vacation schedule.Although the three and four day getaway cruises are very popular, the average cruise is seven days. You can book a romantic getaway cruise to the Bahamas or Mexico from ports such as Port Canaveral, Florida, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Miami, Florida, Mobile, Alabama, New Orleans, Louisiana, Galveston, Texas, San Diego, California, or Los Angeles, California. If you desire to visit the Virgin Islands of the Eastern Caribbean or a couple of the Central American countries in the We stern Caribbean, seven to 10 day cruises are to a fault available out of these same ports.When shopping around for a cruiseline, you will find that most cruiselines are very competitive with their rates, Carnival is usually the cheapest and Disney tends to be the most expensive. All cruiselines rancider optional travel insurance at very depressive disorder cost. I highly recommend purchasing this insurance. It c overs a wide variety of situations ranging from canceling your vacation because of illness or family emergency, to becoming ill while onboard, to having to be airlifted off the ship because of medical emergency.On one cruise, I became ill the day before the cruise and was very ill by the time everyone was ready for supper that evening. I had to pass away the night in the ships hospital where I incurred a bill of $995. The travel insurance I purchased paid the bill 100%. While I have been on a total of eight cruises between Carnival, Royal Caribbean, and Princess, it is di fficult to say which cruiseline is my favorite because each has individual perks that are unique to that busy company. A nonher f feator that will affect the price of your cruise is the type of state agency you will stay in.You have a choice of an interior room, an ocean control room, a balcony room, or a suite. The interior, ocean view, and balcony are all approximately 165 square feet each. The interior has no windows, the ocean view has one medium-sized window, and the balcony room has a private balcony (usually rough 35 sq ft). My wife and I prefer the balcony room because it is so romantic to eat breakfast on the balcony every morning. The suites cut in astir(predicate) four or five different sizes. Rooms also vary in price according to which deck you are on. The high the deck your room is on, the higher the price will be.Taking a traditional land-based vacation to a resort allows you to spend your entire vacation in one locale where you may wish to venture away from the resort and do some sightseeing. Most resorts also have a variety of live to choose from. Whether you want to have your vacation on land or at sea, the get-go thing you need to do is decide where you want to go, consequently choose your accommodations for your stay. As the countdown begins toward your cruise, there are several items that must be gather inn care of. Probably the most important document each rider must possess is a passport.This is required for all International Travel. A passport costs approximately $90 and is valid for 10 years. If you do non already have a passport, it will take approximately six weeks to receive one by standard mail. If your vacation is at a resort located within the 48 contiguous states, a passport is not required however, one will be needed if you travel to Alaska or how-do-you-do no matter what method of transportation you choose. You will also need your drivers license. Your drivers license will be employ for identification purposes when you board the ship by and by visiting a foreign country.Dont forget to put your cruise tickets somewhere where you will not forget to take them. You would not be the first person to arrive at the cruise terminal only to realize that you left your tickets at home. learn clothing suitable for the climate of the country you will be visiting. Alaskan cruises tend to be a little chilly even in the summertime months. If you are traveling to the Caribbean, light, airy clothing will be the order of the day. Dont forget to take a couple of formal outfits. tercet to five day cruises have one formal night and seven day cruises have two formal nights. These are nights you dress up and act like royalty.Starting with your second cruise on the same cruiseline, you will also find yourself invited to the Captains Cocktail Party or Welcome spur Party All medicinal drug that you will need on your trip should be packed in your luggage in its original container from the pharmacy. Any medication t hat you will need on the day you set sail should be on your person as you will not receive all your luggage until approximately eight p. m. If you are flying to the city of departure, make sure to check with the cruiseline for transfers from the airport to the cruise pier and also dressing to the airport after the cruise.These are available for a nominal fee and are usually cheaper than the local taxis. If you decide to drive to the cruise pier, you can expect to turn out approximately $15 per day for a parking fee. Early preparation is the key to a relaxing vacation. If your travel documents are in order, pack your suitcases about a week in advance and avoid the last minute rush of throwing everything together, and possibly forgetting something. On the day you are to set sail, I give notice arriving at the cruise terminal around 10 a. m.This will allow you to beat most of the traffic, avoid standing in long lines, and you can be one of the first to board the ship, thus allowing you to be at the front of the line to eat lunch and sit at a table by a window. Approximately one hour before the ship sets sail, all guests and crew must be at their assigned lifeboat station for a needed U. S. Coastguard lifeboat drill. This drill usually only takes about 20 minutes. Next is the sail away party on the top deck with live music, dancing, and waving au revoir to the people standing along the shoreline.As soon as the ship is in International waters, the casino and onboard duty free shops will be open. straightway it is time to prepare for dinner. You have a choice every night for dinner. You can eat in the main dining room (proper attire required) or you can eat on the top deck in a more casual atmosphere at the buffet. After dinner, why not take in a Broadway show in the ships main theater which is usually two to three decks high. A wide variety of bars and dance clubs will also be open to allow you to dance the night away. After a good nights sleep, a full day of possibilities awaits you.Your first full day of vacation will either find you at your first port of call or spending a relaxing day at sea enroute to your first port. If you are in a port, please pay particular attention to what time the ship leaves and allow yourself plenty of time to return to the ship from your shore excursion. The ship is on a very strict schedule and cannot wait for people who do not make it back on time. If this is a day at sea, here is a list of some of the activities that are available onboard. Fitness center opens about six a. m. , triviality contests, scavenger hunts, mens belly lop competition, champagne art auction, bingo, slot machine contest, ping pong tournament, karaoke, after dinner Broadway style show, spa, library, lucre lounge, shuffleboard, mini golf, yoga classes, rock climbing wall, and there are about a dozen bars to choose from including poolside bars, sports bars, themed bars, and several dance clubs to choose from also. You can also choo se to do nothing and just lay by the pool and soak up some sun. The most hectic part of your vacation is over once you have made it through the traffic and waited in line to be processed as a passenger.Once you walk across the gangboard and board the ship, you can leave all the stress and worries behind you. When you and your family sit down and try to decide where to go on vacation this year, think about how rewarding it will be to combine a world of fun with a learning experience the whole family will enjoy. Do you want to spend a week in a hotel with limited sightseeing available or would you prefer to spend a week visiting several countries with ever-living possibilities, and you only have to unpack your suitcase once. COM/155 Week Nine Final Draft

Macroeconomics questions

AT&T it represents savings because the check wasnt being spent on utilisation goods. ) Your roommate earning $100 and specifying it into her bank account too represents saving because the currency wasnt spent on consumption goods. D) Borrowing $1000 from the bank to buy a gondola car to use in your pizza delivery business represents Investment because the car Is a capital good. Page 295 interrogative sentence 2 a) People repel the benefit from the market of policy not to eliminate the risks but to spread them around more than efficiently. ) Two problems that impede redress companies from working perfectly and their cleverness to spread risk are adverse election and moral hazard. Adverse pick is when a high-risk person is more likely to apply for indemnification than a low-risk person because a high-risk person would benefit more from insurance protection. chaste Hazard is how after people buy insurance, they curb little incentive to be careful about their risky behav ior because the insurance company forget cover much of the resulting losses.Page 295 Question 5 Determine the companies gross sales revenue and number of stocks, and looking at the potential growth or weaknesses that may be facing the company. Health insurance could be an adverse selection because if its a person who has more wellness problems than the average healthy person they would benefit more from the insurance protection. A moral hazard for health insurance would be if after people got health insurance they stopped taking care of their health as well because they know they can fall brook on the insurance.Car insurance could be an adverse selection if a person has an unsafe car or a record of bad parkway they would be at higher-risk and benefit more from insurance protection. People who Just get car insurance could be a moral hazard because they know the insurance will cover a majority of their losses so they will stop driving as carefully. Chapter 1 5 Questions Page 318 Q uestion 3 a) Frictional unemployment results because it takes time for workers to attempt for the jobs that best suit their tastes and skills.Frictional unemployment is inevitable because frictional employment is oft the result of changes in the demand for exertion among different immobiles. in that location could to a fault be changes in the composition of demand among industries or regions called secular shifts that cause impermanent employment while workers are in transition to search for Jobs in new fields. Simply put, frictional unemployment is inevitable because the economy is always changing. People also leave there Jobs to search for Jobs that better suit their skills which also causes some frictional unemployment. ) If the government wanted to reduce frictional unemployment they could read skills development seminars in order to ease the transition of workers from declining to growing industries. They could also have employment agencies to match the unemployed labor to Jobs that match their skill set. Page 318 Question 7 A firm could increase its profits by face lifting the takes it pays because better paid workers are healthier and more productive, worker turnover is reduced, the firm can attract higher quality workers and worker exploit is increased. Age 319 Question 7 a) If manufacturing workers formed a union, I would predict that the wage would compound and the quantity of labor demanded would decrease. Because the wage is higher, the quantity of labor supplied would increase, so there are unemployed workers in the unionized manufacturing sector. B) When the workers become unemployed in the manufacturing sector they will seek employment in the service labor market. The result of a larger contribute of labor results in a lower wage in the unionized service sector and an increase in employment.Chapter 16 Questions Page 345 question 2 Intrinsic value means that the item would have value even if it were not used as m peerlessy such as go ld. Fiat money is money without intrinsic value that is used as money because of government decree. The paper dollars that we use are orderliness money, each dollar reads, This note is legal tender for all debts, public and private. Page 345 Question 9 Reserve requirements are regulations on the minimum amount of money of reserves that banks must hold against deposit.When the Fed raises reserve requirements there are less loans sick(p) and the overall money supply shrinks. Page 346 problem 7 You would use the money multiplier which is 1/. 05 so 20. The maximum expansion of the money supply that occurs when the deposit that is made is 20 times the initial deposit which means we get 40,000 in money supply for the $2000 in cookie Jar money. If one creates more it expands the supply by the money created.Macroeconomics questionsAT&T it represents savings because the check wasnt being spent on consumption goods. ) Your roommate earning $100 and depositing it into her bank account also represents saving because the money wasnt spent on consumption goods. D) Borrowing $1000 from the bank to buy a car to use in your pizza delivery business represents Investment because the car Is a capital good. Page 295 Question 2 a) People get the benefit from the market of insurance not to eliminate the risks but to spread them around more efficiently. ) Two problems that impede insurance companies from working perfectly and their ability to spread risk are adverse election and moral hazard. Adverse selection is when a high-risk person is more likely to apply for insurance than a low-risk person because a high-risk person would benefit more from insurance protection. Moral Hazard is how after people buy insurance, they have less incentive to be careful about their risky behavior because the insurance company will cover much of the resulting losses.Page 295 Question 5 Determine the companies sales revenue and number of stocks, and looking at the potential growth or weaknesses that may be facing the company. Health insurance could be an adverse selection because if its a person who has more health problems than the average healthy person they would benefit more from the insurance protection. A moral hazard for health insurance would be if after people got health insurance they stopped taking care of their health as well because they know they can fall back on the insurance.Car insurance could be an adverse selection if a person has an unsafe car or a record of bad driving they would be at higher-risk and benefit more from insurance protection. People who Just get car insurance could be a moral hazard because they know the insurance will cover a majority of their losses so they will stop driving as carefully. Chapter 1 5 Questions Page 318 Question 3 a) Frictional unemployment results because it takes time for workers to search for the jobs that best suit their tastes and skills.Frictional unemployment is inevitable because frictional employment is often the r esult of changes in the demand for labor among different firms. There could also be changes in the composition of demand among industries or regions called secular shifts that cause temporary employment while workers are in transition to search for Jobs in new sectors. Simply put, frictional unemployment is inevitable because the economy is always changing. People also leave there Jobs to search for Jobs that better suit their skills which also causes some frictional unemployment. ) If the government wanted to reduce frictional unemployment they could have skills development seminars in order to ease the transition of workers from declining to growing industries. They could also have employment agencies to match the unemployed labor to Jobs that match their skill set. Page 318 Question 7 A firm could increase its profits by raising the wages it pays because better paid workers are healthier and more productive, worker turnover is reduced, the firm can attract higher quality workers and worker effort is increased. Age 319 Question 7 a) If manufacturing workers formed a union, I would predict that the wage would rise and the quantity of labor demanded would decrease. Because the wage is higher, the quantity of labor supplied would increase, so there are unemployed workers in the unionized manufacturing sector. B) When the workers become unemployed in the manufacturing sector they will seek employment in the service labor market. The result of a larger supply of labor results in a lower wage in the unionized service sector and an increase in employment.Chapter 16 Questions Page 345 question 2 Intrinsic value means that the item would have value even if it were not used as money such as gold. Fiat money is money without intrinsic value that is used as money because of government decree. The paper dollars that we use are fiat money, each dollar reads, This note is legal tender for all debts, public and private. Page 345 Question 9 Reserve requirements are regulatio ns on the minimum amount of reserves that banks must hold against deposit.When the Fed raises reserve requirements there are less loans mad and the overall money supply shrinks. Page 346 problem 7 You would use the money multiplier which is 1/. 05 so 20. The maximum expansion of the money supply that occurs when the deposit that is made is 20 times the initial deposit which means we get 40,000 in money supply for the $2000 in cookie Jar money. If one creates more it expands the supply by the money created.

How to adapt technical writing for a general Audience Essay

Many of you will find that you contrive to give paper, term or thesis frequently once you reach the professional world. For example, doctors have to be able to explain complicated medical procedures to patients, non-medical boards, and even the general public. Engineers have to communicate with government officials or clients who do not often shoot with the technical specifics of projects. Researchers of all types must be able to mend their work to grant-funding sources, often outside their limited fields.The objective of this essay is to give you idea in relating technical research findings to an audition that does not share your particular expertise. When you choose a technical document make sure you choose a payoff that interests you and that can be reasonably summarized in a 3-5-page article. A subject with you are reasonably familiar is best, because you will need to be able to mouth knowledgeably about the subject in your paternity.When you choose a topic, consider who outside your discourse community would be interested in it and why. What relevance would this have to the sense of hearing for your article? If you cant think of a reason why your general audience would be interested, then its not a well-behaved topic.For example if you decide to write on Basic Investment & Planning, your audience should be young married couple. You cant present this to High aim students or Teenagers.It is easiest to imagine an audience if you have a clear sense of where they would encounter your article and why they would be reading it. Also, consider what they already know, what you trust they will know or be able to do after reading your article, and what beliefs or opinions they might already have about your topic.Drafting your writing is very important thing. You have to be very careful about choices of vocabulary, sentence length, and sentence anatomical structure in making this adaptation. For example when you give your article onFundamental of Basic Inv estment and Planning you cant directly write about Cash Flow, NPV (Net present Value) AAP (Assets Allocation Plan). You have to structure your sentence in simple word so common people can understand. If you write, AAP is always good for Long term Goal. definitely your readers will not understand. But if you write, Asset allocation is the strategy of dividing up your assets based on a tradeoff of risk and return, and that is why everyone should have Assets Allocation plan. in a flash they will understand what you are saying.In your writing you should always include definition and description as well as summary. You should always check your create verbally on following criteria.*Audience accommodation Does the article effectively adapt technical information to the needs and knowledge level of a general audience?*Content Does the article adequately develop and explain the information given in the original source?*Organization Do the elements in the article relate to one another in a manner appropriate for the subject, target source, and audience?*Style and mechanics Is the writing clear? Are sentences written in active voice? Is the article free from grammatical and typographical errors?

Notes on Religion

Cremation is more important than burial in which religion? a. Buddhism b. chrlstlanltyc. Hinduism d. Islamoc 2 The dominant branch of Islam is a. Druze b. Eastern Orthodox c. Shiited. Sunni00 3. From the Russian Revolution to the tall ot the communist g all overnment, what was the policy of the government towards religion? all churches were closed b, the old church was replaced by Eastern Orthodoxc. churches remained open but contend a limited role d. youth were encouraged to attend so that the could be Indoctrinated Into 4.Animists believe that a, people should complete Gods creation of the Earthb. Inanimate objects and atural events have hard liquor c. people should make complete use of the Earths resources natural disasters are preventableO7 5, The worlds largest ethnic religion is a. Buddhism b. Christianityc. Hinduism d. IslamC0 The worlds largest universalizing religion Is a, Buddhismb. Christianity c. Hinduism d, IslamC? 7. Which is not an ethnic Asian religion? a. Buddhism b. Confucianism c. Shintoism d. DaolsmLL 8.Lutheranism Is an example of a Christian branchb_ denomination c. religion d. sectnn 9. What policy did the British follow in India? a. they divided India into two countries they forced all of the Hindus to migrate c. hey turned the problem over to the united Nationsd. they encouraged the abolishment ot the caste system00 10. Worship in Hinduism is most likely to take place a, In a holy shrine b. as part ofa pilgrimagec. at home d. In a pagodaClD 11, The belief in the existence of only one god is a. anlmlsm b. osmogonyc. monotheism d. solstlceoc 12 Roman Catholics are meet In the LJ_S_ southwest primarily because of migration ofa. Roman Catholics from Latin America b. Roman Catholics from the northeast U. S. c. Roman Catholics trom Ireland d. Protestants to the northCC 13. Hinduisms caste systema_ assigns everyone to a distinct class decrees the ilgrimages which should be interpreted c. is a substitute for the lack of a holy book d. identi fies a familys important deities0C 14. A universalizing religion a.Is based on the physical characterlstlcs of a busy location on Earthb. appeals to people living In a wide variety of locations c. Is rarely transmitted through missionaries d. is intentionally developed to be a world religion0L 15 What Is the holiest book In Hinduism? a. the Bible b. the Old Testament c. the Qurand. none of the above?0 16. The goal of the majority ot people living in Northern Ireland is toa. remain part ot the United Ireland d. Join the Irish Republican Army00

Organization Need People or People Need Organization Essay

With the increased globalization of markets, competition among market players has become more severe. In this competitive market, cardinal of the most important factors is the achievement of customer satisfaction and excellence in returns. Although the concept of customer satisfaction in customer oriented solicitude is non new, the relationship between customers and corporations has been changing almost daily.Customers are becoming the absolute entity for corporations as the nett decision makers for business deals and purchases of products. All organizations exist to serve a customer. Customers are real people, not account numbers or enterprise names. Because of this, customer buying decisions are very often made for emotional reasons. It is thus most important to understand customers, their level of satisfaction, and their opinions of an enterprise, as well as their opinions of its competitors, if the enterprise is to grow and improve its market share.SWOT analysis can too pl ay a role in understanding customers. Peter Drucker, the highly regarded management scholar and writer, stated, The only valid definition of business purpose is to seduce a customer. Successful organizations of the future allow for be those that can provide goods and services to the customers who call for it, where they want it, and in the quantity and at the price they want it, thereby delighting rather than merely satisfying customers.Customer delight will lead to loyalty, which is unmatchable of the critical indicators used to measure the success of a merchandise strategy. Services cannot, however, be performed without some form of relationship between the producer and the consumer and cannot be stored and retained for later use in the way typical of umteen tangible goods. Business corporations make efforts to create and provide their customers with higher value added, which consists of elements such as lower prices, additional benefits, and uniqueness in services.With rap id advances in information and communications technology, corporations can take advantage of the emerging IT systems to create infrastructure within the organization to improve responsiveness to customer needs and to railing those needs, thereby improving customer satisfaction significantly. Top management should be aware of how to tap the power of IT to enhance customer services, resulting in better service quality and streamlining of processes. Here is an example where you can find that why customers are important for the existence of a company or organizationEXAMPLE 1 Auto insurance companies require information about people who live with you Are car insurers allowed to require information about the people who live with you for your railcar insurance policy? The very idea of an auto insurance company demanding such information from you may seem offensive. After all, what business is it of theirs, who lives in your dramaticsparticularly if you are the only person driving the in sured car? Insurance companies must consider a variety of factors before determining the final price of your auto insurance policy.Remember that the insurance provider is not only insuring the price of the car, but also insuring the welfare and wellbeing of each passenger involved in a collision The insurance company will insist that anyone who lives in the same house, and who frequently or irregularly operates the same vehicle as an insured driver, must be accounted for on the policy and must take accountability as a second driver. Therefore, if a child becomes of healthy age, then the insurance company will usually insist that he or she is officially added to the policy, unless they live their own separate policy.Does the insurance company have the right to ask about other drivers in your home? Definitely. The insurance company is trying to decide if they want to invest in your driving safety. overly bear in mind that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) requires insurance companies to ask for this information, as this shows the company to be a logical and licensed insurance provider. Since the insurance company is required to ask this headland, they must be given an answer pertaining to all members of the immediate family, and their driving history.This information will help the company to assign a proper auto insurance rating, and will ultimately decide the amount of risk involved. Always answer this question truthfully. Though nobody enjoys invasive questioning, when it comes to insurance policies, these questions must be answered. After all, you as a primary motorist want to disclose any affirmable scenarios to the insurance company well in advance of a contract being signed. Whenever a surprise scenario occurs (something not listed on the policy) then it is usually not covered.Not truthfully answering questions is tantamount to misrepresentation. This will result in a denial of all claims and a cancellation of the policy. S o you may easily answer that why organization need people as customers. Lets take one more example The market concept and philosophy is one of the simplest ideas in marketing, and at the same time, it is also one of the most important marketing philosophies. At its very core are the customer and his or her satisfaction.The marketing concept and philosophy states that the organization should strive to satisfy its customers wants and needs while meeting the organizations goals. In simple terms, the customer is king. The implication of the marketing concept is very important for management. It is not something that the marketing department administers, nor is it the sole domain of the marketing department. Rather, it is adopted by the entire organization. From top management to the lowest levels and across all departments of the organization, it is a philosophy or way of doing business.

Pakistan Cement Industry Analysis

LUCKY cementum This report studies LUCKY CEMENT as a target once to a greater extentst other companies studied as a base for comparable analysis in the industry. well-situated cementum is the largest cement manufacturer in Pakistan and its upcoming expansion in Karachi will come to its capacity from 6. 5mntpa to 9mntpa, however cementing its spot as the market leader. Lucky cementum Limited was incorporated in Pakistan on September 18, 1993 under the Companies Ordinance, 1984 (the Ordinance). The sh bes of the society are quoted on each the three stock exchanges in Pakistan.The Company has in like manner issued GDRs which are listed and traded on the Professional Securities Market of the London Stock Exchange. BUSINESS PROFILE SECTOR cement industry PRODUCTS AND operate Lucky cementum aims at producing cement to suit every user. The following types of cement are available modal(a) PORTLAND CEMENT (OPC) intermediate Portland cement is available in racyer shade as well as in light shades in Lucky Star with different mark names to suit the requirement of users. SULPHATE RESISTANT CEMENT (SRC)Sulphate resistant Cements best quality is to provide effective and long invariable strength against sulphate attacks and is very suitable for constructions right sea shores as well as for canals linings. It provides very effective protection against alkali attacks. The social club presentlyproduces five brands * Lucky Cement * Lucky Star * Lucky Gold * Chairman * Luckysulphate resistant cement(SRC) CUSTOMERS AND END MARKETS Lucky Cement aims at producing cement to suit every user.At present, it is producing Grey Portland Cement and in addition Sulphate Resistant cement. The customers are able to get Portland cement twain in dark shade as well as in light shade with different brand names to suit the requirement of user. The Portland cement specific eithery make for prefabrication industry with a lower setting clip is similarly available. In addition, the plant also produce Slag cement for specific users. DISTRIBUTION take Dealers, retailers and block makers are the integral part of Lucky Cements sales strategy.This strong cyberspaces of more than 200 dealers, located at strategic locations through and throughout the country, has enabled the company to create an impressive dispersion system and access to markets at even the remote parts of the country. pecuniary PROFILE 30-Jun 30-Jun 30-Jun 30-Jun 2008 2009 2010 2011 Restated PKR Reclassified PKR Gross pull in permissiveness 25. 69% 37. 26% 32. 55% 33. 48% EBITDA Margin 23. 91% 31. 77% 23. 07% 25. 87% EBIT Margin 18. 14% 27. 41% 17. 31% 19. 83% send away Income Margin 15. 79% 17. 45% 12. 08% 15. 26% knuckle under on Invested bang-up 9. 06% 19. 2% 11. 17% 12. 63% Return On Equity 14. 35% 19. 77% 12. 50% 14. 29% Return On Assets 7. 82% 11. 97% 8. 18% 9. 63% Leverage Ratio 3. 84% 1. 82% 2. 33% 1. 99% Debt to check jacket crownization 45. 51% 39. 43% 34. 49% 32. 60% PR OFITABILITY The profitability of the company is quite decent, and shows an upward trend, which can be seen by the financial proportions of the strong. There was a brush off dip in the family 2010, but then increased considerably in socio-economic class 2011. This was mainly due to the decrease in the cost of occupation for Lucky Cement (decrease in the cost of bare materials).The prospects of the company are bright, which are demonstrated by high net income tolerance and issuance on invested capital ratios. proceeds PROFILE Lucky Cement is growing at a brisk pace, as the overall cement industry is facing a desirable scenario, which is also demonstrated by high stop on equity and return on assets ratio. The company is also paying its identificationors back shown by the decrease in supplement and debt to total capitalization ratios, which is a positive sanctify for the firm, and shows that it is growing at a considerable rate. RETURN ON INVESTMENTThe return on investi ng of Lucky Cement from courses 2008-2011 is above 10% on average, which is quite a decent number, and shows the profitability of the firms investments. It is 12. 63% in year 2011, and displays a favorable scenario for Lucky Cement. CREDIT PROFILE The impute profile of the company shows a positive sign as the firms debt to total capitalization ratio declined from 45. 51% in year 2008, to 32. 60% in year 2011. Moreover, the leverage ratio of Lucky Cement has also seen a decline, which shows that the company is paying back its debts and is maintaining a decent credit profile among its lenders and suppliers.ATTOCK CEMENT Attock Cement Pakistan Limited (ACPL) is a public limited company, listed on KSE since 2002. Main business of the company is manufacturing and sales of cement. ACPL, is part of the Pharaon Group, which in addition to investment to cement industry has diversified stakes in Pakistan mainly in the oil and gas sector, power and real estate sector. The Attock Cement proje ct was conceived and the company was incorporated in 1981, the plant finally commenced commercial production on June 1, 1988. The project is a Pak Saudi joint venture and involved initial capital outlay of about Rs 1. billion with foreign exchange component of around US $ 45 million. This made it one of the largest enterp finds in the private sector. Pharaon Commercial Investment Company Limited holds 84. 06% of total paid up share capital whereas the general public holds a total of 15. 94% shares. BUSINESS PROFILE SECTOR Cement Industry PRODUCTS AND SERVICES The main product of the Company is ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT (OPC) but in addition to this ACPL also produces SULPHATE RESISTANT CEMENT (SRC) and PORTLAND BLAST FURNACE CEMENT (PBFC), which sells under the registered brand name of FALCON CEMENT in the market.DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS At ACPL Sales and Marketing team focuses on delighting customers through making available quality products at the market place. ACPL has a ne cardinal rk of dealers all around Pakistan. ACPL keep on recognizing the efforts of its dealers through periodic incentive plans based on their sales capital punishment. Sales and marketing forces lead in winning initiatives ahead of the competitors. Few example of ACPL faster first include the export of clinker to the UAE and Qatar, along with cement exports to Iraq. FINANCIAL PROFILE 30-Jun 30-Jun 30-Jun 30-Jun 2008 2009 2010 2011 Restated PKR Reclassified PKR Gross Profit Margin 22. 27% 31. 80% 25. 53% 20. 23% EBITDA Margin 24. 22% 28. 56% 20. 12% 14. 69% EBIT Margin 16. 20% 22. 99% 16. 59% 11. 52% Net Income Margin 8. 69% 17. 54% 13. 25% 8% Return on Invested Capital 14. 06% 32. 07% 19. 23% 13% Return On Equity 12. 31% 31. 24% 18. 84% 11. 80% Return On Assets 7. 41% 21. 41% 14. 40% 8. 83% Leverage Ratio 1. 93% 0. 90% 1. 08% 1. 54% Debt to total capitalization 39. 84% 31. 47% 23. 56% 25. 11% PROFITABILITYThe profitability of Attock Cement is quite o.k. too but not as good as Lucky Cement. The companys gross profit margin was very low as compared to that of Lucky Cement, however, the firms net profit margin is at par. It can be seen that Attock Cement has more operating expenses as compared to Lucky Cement, which it ineluctably to cut and pass on efficiency, to match with the profitability performance of Lucky Cement. GROWTH PROFILE Attock Cement has a very fluctuating, or rather, a very inconsistent harvesting rate, as can be seen by the return on equity and return on assets ratios.Both the ratios were fairly decent in the year 2008, but then both saw a decline in ensuant years 2009 and 2010, after which they came back to an acceptable level in year 2011. RETURN ON INVESTMENT The return on investment of Attock Cement was again very unpredictable, fluctuating drastically between years 2008-2011. It touched a very high 32. 07% in year 2009, but then declined to a level which was similar to that in year 2008. Overall, the return on invested capital was at a satisfactory level as compared to Lucky Cement, which shows the positive nature of the companys investments. CREDIT PROFILEThe credit profile of Attock Cement is a fairly acceptable one, as can be seen by the decreasing leverage and debt to total capitalization ratios. This means that Attock Cement, like Lucky Cement, is also paying back its creditors and suppliers, which will mean that the lenders will be happy to lend money and raw materials to the company, as theyre able to meet their financial obligations effectively. D. G. KHAN CEMENT D. G. khan Cement Company Limited (DGKCC), a unit of Nishat group, is the largest cement-manufacturing unit in Pakistan with a production capacity of 5,500 tons clinker per twenty-four hours.It has a countrywide distribution ne devilrk and its products are preferred on projects of national repute both locally and internationally due to the unparallel and consistent quality. It is list on all the Stock Exchanges of Pakistan. BUSINESS PROFILE SEC TOR Cement Industry PRODUCTS AND SERVICES There are two types of cement products of D. G. caravan inn * Ordinary Portland Cement * Sulphate Resistant Cement DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS Two different products are produced at DGKCC namely Ordinary Portland Cement and Sulphate Resistant Cement.These products are marketed through two different brands * DG brand Elephant brand Ordinary Portland Cement * DG brand Sulphate Resistant Cement DG caravansaryCement Companysupplies cement throughout Pakistan especially in the provinces of Punjab, Sind and Baluchistan. This extensive distribution is achieved through following regional sales offices * Lahore Regional Sales Office * Multan Regional Sales Office * Rawalpindi Regional Sales Office * DG Khan Regional Sales Office * Karachi Regional Sales OfficeThese regional sales offices operate in assigned areas and have netweork of dealers in each area to achieve maximum sales in their territories. Moreover, direct sales are also make to institutional Clients for projects. FINANCIAL PROFILE 30-Jun 30-Jun 30-Jun 30-Jun 2008 2009 2010 2011 Restated PKR Reclassified PKR Gross Profit Margin 15. 51% 31. 61% 17. 93% 24. 00% EBITDA Margin 21. 25% 28. 05% 19. 24% 17. 91% EBIT Margin 10. 25% 20. 33% 10. 74% 10. 32% Net Income Margin 0. 24% 2. 46% 1. 61% 0. 95% Return on Invested Capital 2. 9% 8. 55% 3. 77% 3. 93% Return On Equity 0. 01% 2. 12% 1. 01% 0. 60% Return On Assets 0. 06% 1. 03% 0. 56% 0. 36% Leverage Ratio 8. 73% 4. 17% 6. 61% 5. 91% Debt to total capitalization 43. 12% 51. 54% 44. 45% 40. 16% PROFITABILITY The profitability of DG Khan Cement is very low and unsatisfactory as compared to the other two companies in the cement industry, Lucky and Attock Cement Ltd. DG Khan Cement is paying a hefty amount as interest expense, which can be seen by the lower net income margin ratio of the firm, ranging from 0. 4-2. 46%. However, the EBIT and EBITDA margins of DG Khan Cement were quite satisfactory, and at par with the other two companies in the industry. GROWTH PROFILE DG Khan Cement has a very poor proceeds rate, evident by the very low return on equity and return on assets ratios. The festering of the company is badly hampered by the interest expense and the debt the firm has taken. Furthermore, the debt to total capitalization ratio of the company is also very high (higher than the other two companies in the industry), which was more than 50% in year 2009.These are negative implications for the company, and the investors must be unhappy with the performance of the firm. RETURN ON INVESTMENT The return on invested capital for DG Khan Cement was also quite inadequate when comparing with that of Lucky and Attock Cement. It was 2. 39% in year 2008, increased to 8. 55% in year 2009, after which it settled on a level between 3-4% in years 2010-2011. This adversity was again due to the high debt ratio and hefty interest payments made by the company, because of which the return on investments were very low a s compared to its competitors.CREDIT PROFILE As opposed to its competitors, DG Khan Cement has a really horrific credit profile, as it is maintaining its debt to total capitalization and leverage ratios at a very high level and took up more loan in the year 2009, due to which its profitability is also getting affected adversely, and also its creditors and suppliers will be unwilling to lend DG Khan Cement more in the future, doubting the firms ability to pay them back, as it already has outstanding amounts to be received from the company. FECTO CEMENTEstablished at Sangjani, near Islamabad, the ISO 90012000 certified Fecto Cement Limited is Pakistans first anti-pollution cement manufacturing plant and also the first of its kind in South Asia. As one of the most incorporate manufacturing units in the country, it has a rated capacity to produce 600,000 tonnes of clinker per annum BUSINESS PROFILE SECTOR Cement Industry DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS It supplies cement throughout Pakistan thro ugh a huge properly maintained distribution channel consisting of wholesalers, retailers and finally to the customers. FINANCIAL PROFILE 2008 2009 2010 2011 Gross Profit Margin 8. 3% 23. 21% 5. 26% 18. 33% EBITDA Margin -2. 64% 13. 88% -7. 77% 5. 42% EBIT Margin -51. 03% 11. 96% -10. 04% 2. 78% Net Income Margin -3. 53% 9. 49% -7. 17% 1. 98% Return on Invested Capital -4. 67% 13. 74% -8. 02% 2. 47% Return On Equity -13. 80% 33. 80% -30. 20% 8. 93% Return On Assets -51. 50% 15. 21% -9. 33% 2. 95% Leverage Ratio -22. 30% 3. 11% -9. 56% 11. 59% Debt to total capitalization 61. 52% 55% 69. 10% 67% PROFITABILITY The company has increased its gross profit margin from travel year as sales have improved more than the rise in cost of sales.The net profit margin has improved as compare to the last year as the company was incurring loss in 2010. However, it under performed in comparison to the industry. GROWTH PROFILE The harvest-home rate has considerably improved from last year but the overall industry growth is much more than Fecto. The company needs to increase its growth by retaining more than half of its earnings and re-investing it to increase its income in the coming years otherwise it will fall way behind the industry and would take a long time to recover. RETURN ON INVESTMENT The return on investment has improved from the prior year.This implies that company is capitalizing its assets in a more efficient manner with an increase in the accumulated profits. However, it is not at all satisfactory in comparison to its competitors. CREDIT PROFILE The debt to capitalization and leverage ratio is very high which means Fecto has more debt as compare to its equity. It has declined from the preceding year but it is fairly high with regards to its competitors. This shows a weak financial position as compared to the industry and poses more default risk for the company. MAPLE CEMENT At the time of privatization in 1992, the capacity of Maple Leaf to produceOr dinary Portland Cement (OPC) was one hundred0 tones per day (tpd). A second plant of 4000 tpd was commissioned in 1998 and a third plant of 6700 tpd came into production in 2006. It increased the total capacity to 11,700 tpd. The capacity of White Cement has also increased from 100 tpd to 500tpd with the addition of a new plant. This plant also has provisions for doubling the capacity to 1000tpd. Presently Maple Leaf cement has 9% of the market share of OPC and is a leading brand in Pakistan with a diverse customer base. It is also the largest producer of White Cement in the country with 80% of market share.BUSINESS PROFILE SECTOR Cement Industry PRODUCTS AND SERVICES The two main products are * Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with a capacity of 11700 tones per day. * White Cement, its present capacity is 500 tones per day which shall be doubled to 1000 tones per day in near future. FINANCIAL PROFILE 2008 2009 2010 2011 Gross Profit Margin 16. 94% 32. 49% 21. 56% 16. 64% EBITDA Margin 16. 88% 23. 19% 3. 45% 14. 14% EBIT Margin 5. 73% 16. 27% -3. 74% 4. 47% Net Income Margin -8. 65% -6. 45% -18. 96% -13. 53% Return on Invested Capital 1. 72% 9. 1% 1. 69% 1. 75% Return On Equity -8. 08% -14. 63% -50. 32% -20. 37% Return On Assets -2. 58% -3. 83% -9. 90% -5. 25% Leverage Ratio 13. 47% 5. 35% 38. 80% 13. 52% Debt to total capitalization 68. 02% 73. 80% 80. 32% 74. 23% PROFITABILITY The net profit margin increased by 5. 43% and settled at 13. 53% as compare to the prior year which was in negative. This is a good sign as the company is moving towards profitability as compare to the last two years. However, the company needs to improve its asset management in determine to compete with the industryGROWTH PROFILE The growth rate is improving as compare to the previous year which is surely a green sign for the company. From last year the earnings have fairly increased but Maple Leaf is still under performing as compared to the industry earning. A lot of ef forts need to be put in for the company to be competing with the industry. RETURN ON INVESTMENT The return on investment is almost the same as compare to the last year. This means that the company needs to increase its sales in order to get a favorable outcome in the coming years. CREDIT PROFILEThe leverage ratio as well as the debt to equity ratio is fairly high as compare to the industry which refers to declining operational efficiency and ineffective asset management. Maple needs to decrease its reliance on debt to get a better ratio in the coming years. FAUJI CEMENT A longtime leader in the cement manufacturing industry, Fauji Cement Company, headquartered in Rawalpindi, operates a cement plant at Jhang Bahtar, Tehsil Fateh Jang, District Attock in the province of Punjab. The Company has a strong and longstanding tradition of service, reliability, and quality that reaches back more than 13 years.Sponsored by Fauji Foundation the Company was incorporated in Rawalpindi in 1992. B USINESS PROFILE SECTOR Cement Industry PRODUCTS AND SERVICES Ordinary Portland cement is the major product. CUSTOMERS The Company has been set up with the primary objective of producing and selling ordinary portland cement. The finest quality of cement is available for all types of customers whether for dams, canals, industrial structures, highways, commercial or residential needs using latest state of the art dry process cement manufacturing process.FINANCIAL PROFILE 2008 2009 2010 2011 Gross Profit Margin 18. 56% 31. 75% 13. 54% 17. 35% EBITDA Margin 18. 56% 17. 12% 32. 61% 21. 35% EBIT Margin 16. 96% 30. 98% 9. 61% 12. 48% Net Income Margin 11. 66% 18. 96% 6. 57% 8. 98% Return on Invested Capital 3. 69% 9. 90% 1. 95% 1. 71% Return On Equity 4. 45% 10. 39% 2. 60% 3. 86% Return On Assets 3. 32% 4. 70% 0. 93% 1. 32% Leverage Ratio 4. 18% 8. 29% 25. 70% 20. 40% Debt to total capitalization 25. 0% 67. 06% 62. 60% 55. 90% PROFITABILITY The profit margin has increased as com pare to the previous year but if we match it with past performance of the company it is still at a declining rate. This decrease is also due to the overall decline in the cement industry GROWTH PROFILE The growth rate has improved but it is not much satisfactory when compared with the industry. In order to compete with the dominant companies, Fauji needs to utilize its assets in a more efficient manner RETURN ON INVESTMENTAs compared with 2011 to 2010 it has been in the same position, Fauji needs to increase its growth by retaining more than half of its earnings and re-investing it to increase its income in the coming years otherwise it will fall way behind the industry and would take a long time to recover. CREDIT PROFILE The credit profile of the company is fairly below the industry. However, the leverage ratio of Thatta Cement has seen a rare increase, which shows that the company is paying back its debts and is maintaining a decent credit profile among its lenders and suppliers .THATTA CEMENT Thatta Cement Company Limited was incorporated in 1980 as a public limited company. It was a wholly owned subsidiary of the State Cement Corporation of Pakistan (Pvt. ) Limited. The manufacturing facility was commissioned in 1982. The plant based on dry process technology, had a total installed capacity of 1,000 tons per day of clinker. The plant was supplied by M/s. Mitsubishi Corporation, Japan. In the year 2004 the consortium of Mr. Arif Habib and Al-Abbas Group acquired 100% shares of the Company from the Privatization Commission and took over its management control.BUSINESS PROFILE SECTOR Cement Industry PRODUCTS AND SERVICES * Ordinary Portland Cement * Sulphate Resistant Cement * Portland rag Furnace Slag Cement * Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag CUSTOMERS AND END MARKETS Some of the valued customers * Lucky Paragon (Ready-Mix) * DGDP, FWO (Frontier Works Organization), Siam Group, CGGC, AJK,SAMBU Pakistan, Bahria Icon, Envicrete, Hubcrete and Atlas Ready Mix. FINANCIAL PROFILE 2008 2009 2010 2011 Gross Profit Margin 14. 69% 27. 69% 17. 96% 12. 88% EBITDA Margin 8. 95% 21. 50% 5. 96% 0. 79%EBIT Margin 5. 65% 18. 96% 2. 63% -2. 04% Net Income Margin 2. 79% 11. 36% 0. 06% -4. 02% Return on Invested Capital 39. 15% 84. 50% 36. 40% 36. 28% Return On Equity 6. 92% 26. 45% 0. 12% -10. 64% Return On Assets 2. 94% 0. 07% 14. 37% 3. 75% Leverage Ratio 6. 11% 16. 77% 7. 25% 68. 25% Debt to total capitalization 0. 57% 4. 56% 0. 46% 0. 51% PROFITABILITY The profitability has declined as compare to the previous year due to the performance of the plant was badly affected by frequent interruptions in power supply by HESCO.The substantial loss is also due to the increase in the production cost such as the purchase price of raw materials and huge increase in fuel and power cost. GROWTH PROFILE The growth rate is declining as compare to the last year mainly due to the increase in COGS and also the company has also invested in the long-term . There is also an increase in the distribution cost which is due to the increase of appreciation in exports related freight and other charges which increased by 11. 61% notwithstanding of decrease in sales volume of export by 18. 3%. RETURN ON INVESTMENT The return on invested capital is same as the previous year which is fairly high as compare to the other companies. This means that return from investments is considerably more than the industry average. CREDIT PROFILE The credit profile of the company is not much satisfactory. Moreover, the leverage ratio of Thatta Cement has also seen a decline, which shows that the company is paying back its debts and is maintaining a decent credit profile among its lenders and suppliers

Gross Domestic Product

Lecture Notes on Measuring the Economy By Melcah T. Pascua matter Income Accounting The primary measure of the economys performance is its annual entire railroad siding of goods and services or, as it is called, its aggregate output. Aggregate output is labeled Gross Domestic harvest-feast (GDP) the total market value of all final goods and services produced in a given stratum. Three approaches of computing GDP. 1. The Expenditure Approach (Output Approach) Personal Consumption Expenditure (C) xxxxx Gross Private Domestic Investment (Ig). . xxxxx political relation Spending (G). xxxxx Net Exports (Xn). .. . xxxxx Gross Domestic Product xxxxxxx (C + Ig + G + Xn) 2. The Income Approach (Allocation or moolah Approach) Compensation of Employees. . xxxxx Rents. .. xxxxx Interest.. xxxxx Proprietors Income.. xxxxx incorporated mesh. xxxxx Corporate Income Taxes . xxxxx Dividends.. xxxxx Undistributed Corporate Profits. xxxx National Income.. xxxxx Indirect Business Taxes. .. xxxxx Consumption of Fixed Capital. xxxxx Net Foreign Factor Income clear in home country. . xxxxx Gross Domestic Product . xxxxx 3. The Industry-Origin Approach (Value-Added Approach) Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing. .. xxxx Agriculture and forestry. . xxxx fishing.. xxxx Industry. . .. xxxx Mining and quarrying. xxx Manufacturing. . xxxx Construction. . xxxx Electricity, gas, and water. .. xxxx Service sector.. . xxxx Transport, storage. . xxxx pot and repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles, personal andhousehold goods and communication.. xxxx Financial intermediation Real estate, renting and tune activities. xxxx Public administrationand defense compulsory social security.. xxxx Other services . xxxxGross Domestic Product . . Xxxx Other National Accounts Net Domestic Product (NDP) NDP = GDP Consumption of fixed capital (depreciation) National Income (NI) NI = NDP Net foreign factor income Indirect Business Taxes Personal Income (PI) PI = NI Corporate Income Tax es Undistributed Corporate Profits Social Security contributions + Transfer Payments Disposable Income (DI) = C+S DI = PI Personal Taxes Where C = Consumption S = Savings Nominal GDP vs. Real GDP suppositious Data of an Economy Year Units of Price per Price Unadjusted / Adjusted / Output unit of business leader Nominal GDP Real GDP output 1 5 10 2 7 20 3 8 25 4 10 30 5 11 28 Price of the current year Price Index = X 100 Price of the base year Nominal GDP =Price X Quantity Nominal GDP Real GDP = X 100 Price Index

Digital Fortress Chapter 7

Susans mind was racing-Ensei Tankado wrote a program that creates unbreakable codes She could b arely grasp the thought.digital shield, Strathmore said. Thats what hes calling it. Its the ultimate counterin stateigence weapon. If this program hits the market, of all timey third grader with a modem depart be able to hop out codes the NSA cant break. Our intelligence will be shot. further Susans thoughts were far removed from the political implications of digital justification. She was still as posit to compreh give up its existence. Shed spent her life breaking codes, firmly denying the existence of the ultimate code. Every code is breakable-the Bergofsky article of faith She felt like an atheist coming face to face with divinity fudge.If this code gets out, she whispered, cryptogram will run low a dead science.Strathmore nodded. Thats the least of our problems.Can we pay Tankado off? I know he hates us, notwithstanding cant we offer him a few jillion dollars? Convince hi m not to distri thate?Strathmore laughed. A few million? Do you know what this thing is worth? Every government in the world will care top dollar. Can you imagine telling the President that were still cable-snooping the Iraqis but we cant read the intercepts anymore? This isnt just about the NSA, its about the entire intelligence community. This facility provides support for everyone-the FBI, CIA, DEA theyd all be flying blind. The drug cartels shipments would become untraceable, major corporations could transfer money with no paper trail and leave the IRS out in the cold, terrorists could chat in total secrecy-it would be chaos.The EFF will admit field of force day, Susan said, pale.The EFF doesnt have the first clue about what we do here, Strathmore railed in disgust. If they knew how many terrorist attacks weve stopped because we can decrypt codes, theyd castrate their tune.Susan agreed, but she also knew the realities the EFF would never know how important TRANSLTR was. TRA NSLTR had helped foil dozens of attacks, but the learning was highly classified and would never be released. The rationale behind the secrecy was simple The government could not afford the mass hysteria caused by revealing the truth no one knew how the universe would defend to the news that there had been two nuclear close calls by fundamentalist groups on U.S. soil in the last year.Nuclear attack, however, was not the only threat. Only last month TRANSLTR had thwarted one of the most ingeniously conceived terrorist attacks the NSA had ever witnessed. An anti-government organization had devised a plan, code- happen upond Sherwood Forest. It targeted the New York Stock Exchange with the intention of redistributing the wealth. Over the flux of six days, members of the group placed twenty-seven nonexplosive flux pods in the buildings surrounding the Exchange. These devices, when detonated, create a powerful blast of magnetism. The simultaneous discharge of these carefully placed po ds would create a magnetic field so powerful that all magnetic media in the Stock Exchange would be erased-computer profound drives, massive ROM storage banks, tape backups, and even floppy disks. All records of who owned what would disintegrate permanently.Because pinpoint measure was necessary for simultaneous detonation of the devices, the flux pods were interconnected over Internet telephone lines. During the two-day countdown, the pods internal pin grass exchanged endless bourgeons of encrypted synchronization data. The NSA intercepted the data-pulses as a network anomaly but ignored them as a seemingly harmless exchange of gibberish. nevertheless after TRANSLTR decrypted the data streams, analysts immediately recognized the period as a network-synchronized countdown. The pods were located and removed a full three hours before they were scheduled to go off.Susan knew that without TRANSLTR the NSA was helpless against advanced electronic terrorism. She eyed the Run-Monito r. It still read over fifteen hours. Even if Tankados consign broke right now, the NSA was sunk. Crypto would be relegated to breaking less than two codes a day. Even at the demonstrate rate of 150 a day, there was still a backlog of files awaiting decryption.Tankado called me last month, Strathmore said, interrupting Susans thoughts.Susan looked up. Tankado called you?He nodded. To inform me.Warn you? He hates you.He called to tell me he was perfecting an algorithm that wrote unbreakable codes. I didnt believe him.But why would he tell you about it? Susan demanded. Did he want you to buy it?No. It was blackmail.Things suddenly began fall into place for Susan. Of course, she said, amazed. He wanted you to clear his name.No, Strathmore frowned. Tankado wanted TRANSLTR.TRANSLTR?Yes. He ordered me to go public and tell the world we have TRANSLTR. He said if we admitted we can read public E-mail, he would destroy digital vindication.Susan looked doubtful.Strathmore shrugged. Either flair, its too late now. Hes posted a complimentary copy of digital Fortress at his Internet site. Everyone in the world can download it.Susan went white. He whatIts a publicity stunt. nothing to occupy about. The copy he posted is encrypted. People can download it, but nobody can distribute it. Its ingenious, really. The source code for digital Fortress has been encrypted, locked shut.Susan looked amazed. Of course So everybody can have a copy, but nobody can open it.Exactly. Tankados dangling a carrot.Have you seen the algorithm?The commander looked puzzled. No, I told you its encrypted.Susan looked evenly puzzled. But weve got TRANSLTR why not just decrypt it? But when Susan saw Strathmores face, she realized the rules had changed. Oh my God. She gasped, suddenly understanding. digital Fortress is encrypted with itself?Strathmore nodded. Bingo.Susan was amazed. The command for Digital Fortress had been encrypted using Digital Fortress. Tankado had posted a priceless mathe matical recipe, but the text of the recipe had been scrambled. And it had used itself to do the scrambling.Its Bigglemans Safe, Susan stammered in awe.Strathmore nodded. Bigglemans Safe was a hypothetical cryptography scenario in which a safe builder wrote blueprints for an unbreakable safe. He wanted to keep the blueprints a secret, so he built the safe and locked the blueprints inside. Tankado had done the same thing with Digital Fortress. Hed protected his blueprints by encrypting them with the formula outlined in his blueprints.And the file in TRANSLTR? Susan asked.I downloaded it from Tankados Internet site like everyone else. The NSA is now the royal owner of the Digital Fortress algorithm we just cant open it.Susan marveled at Ensei Tankados ingenuity. Without revealing his algorithm, he had turn up to the NSA that it was unbreakable. Strathmore handed her a newspaper clipping. It was a translated blurb from the Nikkei Shimbun, the Nipponese equivalent of the Wall Street J ournal, stating that the Japanese programmer Ensei Tankado had completed a mathematical formula he claimed could write unbreakable codes. The formula was called Digital Fortress and was available for review on the Internet. The programmer would be auction bridgeing it off to the highest bidder. The column went on to say that although there was enormous interest in Japan, the few U.S. software companies who had hear about Digital Fortress deemed the claim preposterous, akin to turning lead to gold. The formula, they said, was a hoax and not to be taken seriously.Susan looked up. An auction?Strathmore nodded. Right now every software company in Japan has downloaded an encrypted copy of Digital Fortress and is trying to crack it open. Every second they cant, the bidding price climbs.Thats absurd, Susan shot back. All the new encrypted files are uncrackable unless you have TRANSLTR. Digital Fortress could be nothing more than a generic, public-domain algorithm, and none of these compan ies could break it.But its a brilliant marketing ploy, Strathmore said. Think about it-all brands of bulletproof glass stop bullets, but if a company dares you to put a bullet through theirs, suddenly everybodys trying.And the Japanese actually believe Digital Fortress is different? Better than everything else on the market?Tankado may have been shunned, but everybody knows hes a genius. Hes often a cult icon among hackers. If Tankado says the algorithms unbreakable, its unbreakable.But theyre all unbreakable as far as the public knowsYes Strathmore mused. For the moment.Whats that supposed to mean?Strathmore sighed. Twenty years ago no one imagined wed be breaking twelve-bit stream ciphers. But technology progressed. It always does. Software manufacturers assume at some point computers like TRANSLTR will exist. Technology is progressing exponentially, and eventually current public-key algorithms will lose their security. Better algorithms will be needed to take a breather ahead of tomorrows computers.And Digital Fortress is it?Exactly. An algorithm that resists brute force will never become obsolete, no matter how powerful code-breaking computers get. It could become a world standard overnight.Susan pulled in a long breath. God help us, she whispered. Can we make a bid?Strathmore shake his head. Tankado gave us our chance. He made that clear. Its too risky anyway if we get caught, were basically admitting that were afraid of his algorithm. Wed be making a public plea not only that we have TRANSLTR but that Digital Fortress is immune.Whats the time frame?Strathmore frowned. Tankado planned to herald the highest bidder tomorrow at noon.Susan felt her stomach tighten. Then what?The arrangement was that he would give the winner the pass-key.The pass-key? single out of the ploy. Everybodys already got the algorithm, so Tankados auctioning off the pass-key that unlocks it.Susan groaned. Of course. It was perfect. Clean and simple. Tankado had encrypted Digital Fortress, and he alone held the pass-key that unlocked it. She found it hard to fathom that somewhere out there-probably scrawled on a piece of paper in Tankados pocket-there was a sixty-four-character pass-key that could end U.S. intelligence gathering forever.Susan suddenly felt ill as she imagined the scenario. Tankado would give his pass-key to the highest bidder, and that company would unlock the Digital Fortress file. Then it probably would embed the algorithm in a tamper-proof chip, and within five years every computer would come preloaded with a Digital Fortress chip. No commercial manufacturer had ever dreamed of creating an encryption chip because normal encryption algorithms eventually become obsolete. But Digital Fortress would never become obsolete with a rotating cleartext function, no brute-force attack would ever find the right key. A new digital encryption standard. From now until forever. Every code unbreakable. Bankers, brokers, terrorists, spies. One world-one a lgorithm.Anarchy.What are the options? Susan probed. She was well sensitive that desperate times called for desperate measures, even at the NSA.We cant remove him, if thats what youre asking.It was exactly what Susan was asking. In her years with the NSA, Susan had heard rumors of its loose affiliations with the most skilled assassins in the world-hired hands brought in to do the intelligence communitys dirty work.Strathmore shook his head. Tankados too smart to leave us an option like that.Susan felt oddly relieved. Hes protected?Not exactly.In hiding?Strathmore shrugged. Tankado left Japan. He planned to check his bids by phone. But we know where he is.And you dont plan to make a move?No. Hes got insurance. Tankado gave a copy of his pass-key to an anonymous third ships company in case anything happened.Of course, Susan marveled. A guardian angel. And I suppose if anything happens to Tankado, the mystery man sells the key?Worse. Anyone hits Tankado, and his quisling publishes.S usan looked confused. His partner publishes the key?Strathmore nodded. Posts it on the Internet, puts it in newspapers, on billboards. In effect, he gives it away.Susans eyes widened. Free downloads?Exactly. Tankado evaluate if he was dead, he wouldnt need the money-why not give the world a little farewell submit?There was a long silence. Susan breathed deeply as if to absorb the terrifying truth. Ensei Tankado has created an unbreakable algorithm. Hes memory us hostage.She suddenly stood. Her voice was determined. We must contact Tankado There must be a way to convince him not to release We can offer him triple the highest bid We can clear his name AnythingToo late, Strathmore said. He took a deep breath. Ensei Tankado was found dead this morning in Seville, Spain.

Currently At A Population Architecture Essay

Presently at a population of 6.8 billion people, and increasing by a cardinal and a half people every hebdomad, things be consume kill to look re everyy move for the hereafter. It is estimated that by 2050 we leave behind be at 9.2 billion people.We moldiness get down look in a different manner its no longer a inquiry of keeping our metre of life, exclusively of lasting on a planet that is losing its basic ecological substructure.We use our formidable engineering to consistently foul our air, our piddle, our dirt, and our nutrient concatenation. We atomic number 18 in like manner sing the effects of planetary warming h eat abject ridges, dr come forthhs, deceasing coral reefs, persevereing glaciers, lifting sea degrees, uns add-in conditions forms, rapid spread of diseases, and accelerated species extinction.With our insatiate demand for nutrient, fuel, edifice stuffs, and futile debris, unreplaceable natural alternatives are con hiting. In an attempt to last, peo ple are that pass oering place everything else, destructing the ecological substructure that gave us the comfy life conditions in the first topographic point. The exp one and only(a)ntial do-gooder in birth rate depletes natural mental imagerys faster than they washstand be replaced, take downing the criterion of life and making scotch force per unit areas both here in the UK and doneout the difference of opinion of the creation. We are losing our life support, our place.The Solution To The ProblemWe urgently lack a solution to the universe s overpopulation occupation, our continue endurance requires a healthy and working planetary ecosystem, on in which worlds defy in harmony with wholly other signifiers of life. We must educate ourselves, ack right awayledging the job and work together towards a solution. The planetary overpopulation job guides to be resolved, or nature pass on decide it for us in a panache that we would non inquire for.It is clip to populate in a n wholly new manner we must encompass alteration.The CityPeoples need to work together for a solution covering with metropoliss and the inflow of people wanting for a higher(prenominal) quality of life. Natural resources that are readily available must be managed better for our journey towards a greener hereafter, and metropoliss that accommodate everything.The jibeition and trust on engineering is making concentrated urban Centre s that are disaster it denseer and harder to get by with the mass inflow of people. We must inquire ourselves whether metropolis s mountain maintain turning and turning to suit the life we are used to populating in this upstart universe. The metropolis presently is a life being, a topographic point that contains everything and that is of all metre turning. portentous progresss in public health and medical specialty, phenomenal agricultural outputs and the spread outing planetary economic system contribute to the population detonation as the lifesp an norm continues to increase from this, many cognize in metropolis s for better chances, increasing traveling multitudes from one topographic point to another.In 1900 merely 1 in 10 people lived in metropolissBy 1994 the figure had boastful to 1 in 2 people, making megalopolis of 1000000s to 10s of 1000000s dwellers, all utilizing up wild and resourcesNow there are more than 400 metropoliss that make up a population of more than a million peopleIt is further predicted that 2/3rds will populate in metropoliss by 2050Pull offing such big metropoliss, and better direction of the planet s resources, could go the most hard job of this century. As the universe s population grows it becomes more hard for the planet to back up all its dwellers.ResourceAs the resources diminish, what will be done?Changing MindsOld ages ago no 1 gave much purpose to how much of the Earth s resources had gone into doing the points in the first topographic point and whether those resources would finally comport out.What happened to rubbish after it went into the family bin and was collected by the bin lorry was of no concern to consumers. unfledged life is non merely more or less(prenominal) seeking to devour fewer of the Earth s cherished resources and populating sustainably. It is about sing the greenest option in everything you consume, whether you are purchasing nutrient, apparels, cleaning stuffs, or cosmetics. You are trusty for the dynamism and resources used in the devising of everything you buy. If you keep utilizing an point you already set about, you are non responsible for the harm caused by the patience of a new 1. However, if you throw your old one off, you fill up landfill sets and are responsible for any toxic chemicals in it leaking into and polluting the land around the site every bit good as detrimental gases given off during the clip it takes for the point to decompose off.WasteWaste from metropolissCities now have everything we need at bottom them, com fortss and go that are unfastened 24/7. Our genesis now is anticipant on holding things now , nutrient, vesture etc, but with our addition in holding everything we have started excessively gain that the hereafter may be truly different.Waste is being produced in much higher measures, how will the metropolis header, how will it be used to a far more consequence beginning. With the addition in population these jobs must be addressed and dealt with.Who will cover with this wild?Where will it travel or be decomposed? green goddess we change over it into just aboutthing more utile?Presently in the UK we produce a monolithic sum of family fluff that is sent straight to landfill. New solutions such as separation waste techniques and disposal Centres forego people from place to make their spot.Home waste sum of waste produced?The UK produces 28 million calculated lashings of family waste each twelvemonthIn merely one hr we create adequate to make skilful the Albert Hall to ov er leaningThe unreleased zippo contained in the mean ash lowlife each twelvemonth could world power a telecasting for 5,000 hoursAgricultural and industrial waste, solids from sewerage intervention workss, ashes and refuse are all causes of land defilement and add to the turning concern. The accretion of inorganic wastes in dirt airss a menace to the works and carnal life. drivel is heedlessly dumped into the dirt. Non-biodegradable wastes such as plastic and rubber turn out deadly to the life in the dirt. Plastic and glass bottles, tins, gum elastic tyres and electronic points dumped in the dirt make up the oldtimer cause of land pollution.How rubbish will increase by 2050We are flirt forthing increasing sums of waste each twelvemonth, which means we are utilizing natural resources at a faster rate than of all time and seting more strain on the surroundings s capacity to cover with our waste merchandises. While a bulk of this trash is disposed at landfill sites. We need to halt thought of rubbish as a job to be buried in landfill and get down thought of it as a resource to be used Populating within the bounds of the Earth s natural systems will intend utilizing less and being more effectual Pull offing Waste, the deductions of this urgency for waste direction are that we must take advantage of attacks that ca be quickly implemented e.g. bar, cycle, composting, stabilisation prior to landfill. We have to do large alterations, including the authorities concentrating policies and inducements on the best attacks, non merely those that are somewhat better than what were making at the minute.RecyclingRecycling waste stuffEvery twenty-four hours waste stuff is propel off when really it is a valuable resource. Paper, metal, glass, green waste, plastics and fabrics can all be recycled into new merchandises. Recycling reduces waste traveling to landfill and besides reduces the demand for natural stuffs, saves energy in the output signal procedure and reduces emanations to air and H2O in the end product procedure.Increasing sums of waste are being recycled across the UK packaging waste cycle increased from 28 % in 1998 to 55 % by the terminal of 2005 51 % of building and destruction waste is recycled or re-used and 45 % of commercial and industrial waste is recycled. The authorities estimates that recycling of family waste in England has now increased to over 33 % in 2007, more than quadrupling over 10 old ages.The waste direction industry is working to supply new installations to handle and recycle waste to make these marks. The industry is working oddly closely with local governments to increase family waste recycling and composting rates.Recycling and recyclingBy recycling more of the waste, we canSave landfill cut downing the demand to happen new sitesSave energy cut downing global-warming gases and pollutionSave natural stuffs cut downing pollution and spoil tonssSave H2O reduction deficits and taintFactsUK families produc ed 30.5 million metric tons of waste in 2008/09, of which 17 % was collected for recycling1 recycled Sn can would salvage adequate energy to power a telecasting for 3 hours1 recycled glass bottle would salvage adequate energy to power a computing machine for 25 proceedingss1 recycled plastic bottle would salvage adequate energy to power a 60-watt visible radiation bulb for 3 hoursPull offing WasteHow much waste?Uk packaging waste recycling increased from 28 % in1998 to 55 % by the terminal of 2008Presently about 43 % of all UK waste and about 64 % of the UK s municipal waste is sent to landfill. Landfills play an indispensable function in the safe disposal of certain wastes, but most wastes could alternatively be recycled, composted or used to bring forth forth energy.2/3 of the salvors live in ill constructed places make from clay, plastic bags and boxes. Some sheets of corrugated Fe are donated and funded by the authorities, most have no furniture and bed materiales is besides co llected from the site in the signifier of old apparels and covers3RD WORLDDifferent people populating around the universeAcross the Earth waste is seen in different visible radiation, while the more developed universe consumes and wastes far more, the 3rd universe maximises and utilizes all that they waste and use.And as people move towards a better manner of populating the remainder of the universe generally 3rd universe live in poorness and lack the basic human necessities to last.Case surveies slobber DreamsGarbage Dreams follows three teenage boys born into the rubbish trade and turning up in the universe s largest refuse small town, on the outskirts of Cairo. It is home to 60,000 Zaballeen, which means Arabic refuse people. When their community is all of a sudden faced with the globalisation of its trade, each of the teenage male child is forced to do picks that will impact his hereafter and the endurance of his community.The Zaballeen have created the universe s most effec tual resource recovery system, recycling 80 % of everything they collect. They are really salvaging our Earth. From out of the rubbish, they lifted themselves out of poorness and have a solution to the universe s most urgent crisis.Leaderships are besides trusting that their assort for beginning separation in which occupants sort organic from non-organic waste before it reaches trash aggregators will go down authorities support and take root among Cairo s 20-million citizens. With the transnational companies authorities contracts set to run out in 2015, the Zabaleen are concentrating on overhauling their trade so they can repossess a topographic point for themselves in the system.While the current economic mentality is black, there is turning international affair in the Zabaleen s hardworking and advanced recycling patterns. Leaderships besides note that the Egyptian authorities is in conclusion admiting the Zabaleen as a valuable and skilled resource. As for the Gates grant, which has yet to be confirmed, the bullion will apparently be used to back up the Source Separation run, train workers and overhaul recycling installations.Peoples that live on landfill ZabelleensWhere do they populate?2/3 of the salvors live in ill constructed places do from clay, plastic bags and boxes. Some sheets of corrugated Fe a roof is provided by the authorities.Most have no furniture and bedclothes is besides collected from the site in the signifier of old apparels or covers. Those who live in the caves around the country screen themselves with plastic bearer bags when it rains. The caves become unsafe and sometimes walls prostration. wherefore they live on siteA study was done in 2005 to inquire people wherefore they live on the site. The findings were thatMany were unemployed and could nt afford the basic human demands of nutrient, H2O, trade protection and apparelsSome had been born there and it was the lone place they knewSome were orphans and had no household to assist them and had no manner out of the landfillWidows ended up at that place when the money earner of the household diedDifferent tribal groups became refugees in there ain statesSome were thrown out of the slums they had lived in when Governments tried to unclutter the countries upWhat do they roll up and what is done with it?The salvors themselves use some of the stuffs collected, such as the nutrient dumped by hotels in Cairo and fabric, which is used for vesture and bedclothes. The remainder of the stuffs are sold to jobbers who in bend sell to recyclers. These include castanetss, plastics and bit metal.How earn life through recyclingThere are so many people populating on the garbage dump now that the salvors are holding to look for alternate beginnings of income. These includeWorking on local farms Subsistence agriculture ( turning harvests to eat themselves ) entirely the roads and trim land around the garbage dumpMaking wash for peopleWeaving baskets and mats utilizing sca venged polyethyleneSelling H2OMajor emergences deficiency offThe salvors have unworthy entree to H2O and sanitationThere are no lavatories, no bathrooms and no clean H2O to imbibeThey have to barter for H2O from sellers to imbibeSome of the salvors collect rainwaterHealth and bad life conditionsA new survey by the New York State part of Health studies that adult females populating near solid waste landfills where gas is get awaying hold a fourfold increased opportunity of vesica malignant neoplastic disease or leukaemia. The new survey examined the accident of seven sorts of malignant neoplastic disease among work forces and adult females populating near 38 landfills where of course happening landfill gas is thought to be get awaying into the environing air.The wellness of these people is hapless. Malaria is common due to the pools of dead H2O, which allows mosquitoes to en gender. Diarrhoea. Pneumonia and kowtow infections are common. Scavengers can non afford to see a phys ician. They have developed other ways of get bying with their unwellnesss, such as utilizing herbal redresss, purchasing inexpensive drugs across the counter or borrowing money from friends.Vision FOR THE FUTUREMy thought is to better efficiency through a mobile shelterBy making a device that maximise the end product of landfills and the customs duty they have to utilize we can explicate a solution for the hereafter.My intention NewDealDesignA various safety for rubbish victimsAdjusting to this alteration by utilizingEveryone holding the chance for a better lifeThis is what people still needLife after better lifeEnergy solutions algaeBiodiesel from algae is hereOil has been one of the most efficient and effectual fuel beginnings for decennaries. But due to the unrenewable nature of oil and the pollution ensuing from C emanations, scientists have raced to happen a new fuel beginning. Hydrogen, biodiesel, solar, electricity and even H2O have been considered as possible fuel begin nings. Now, one of the newest renewable energy beginning aspirant is algae biofuel. algae gather energy from the Sun through the procedure of photosynthesis. A by-product of this procedure is oil, which can be utilized to make biofuel. The algae itself can be transformed into ethyl alcohol through the procedure of agitation. During photosynthesis, algae and other photosynthetic beings gaining control C dioxide and sunshine and change over it into O and biomass. Up to 99 % of the C dioxide in solution can be converted, in large-scale open-pond systems.The production of biofuels from algae does non cut down atmospheric C dioxide ( carbon dioxide ) , because any CO2 taken out of the ambiance by the algae is returned when the biofuels are burned. They do nevertheless extinguish the debut of new CO2 by displacing fossil hydrocarbon fuels.Algae is an improbably big and diverse species. Algae can be base in most organic structures of H2O including lakes, watercourses, ice, snow, and the ocean. This works reproduces quickly and would be really hard to over-farm. Algae can bring forth 15-300 times more oil per acre than conventional harvests, such as rapeseed, thenars or soya beans. As Algae has a harvesting rhythm of 1-10 yearss, it permits several crops in a really short clip frame, a differing scheme to annually harvests. Algae can besides be grown on land that is non suited for other established harvests, for case, waterless land, land with overly saline dirt, and drought-stricken land. This minimizes the issue of taking away pieces of land from the cultivation of nutrient harvests. Algae can turn 20 to 30 times faster than nutrient harvestsAlgae fuel production does non impact fresh H2O resources, can be prduced utilizing ocean and effluent, and are biodegradable and comparatively harmless to the environment if spilled.Inputs-CO2 + Water + Nutrients + Algae nisus + Sunlight This Algae biofuel substitutes 100 % traditional fuel, without necessitating to be assor ted and can be used in assorted biofuel applications. Algae Oil Farming for Biodiesel Algae Biofuel uses the surpluss of C dioxide produced by industrial activities, in a manner that does non pollute, but contributes to cleaning the atmosphere. DystopiaThe frequently futuristic visual modality of a hostel in which conditions of life are suffering and characterized by poorness, subjugation, war, force, disease, pollution, ensuing in widespread sadness, agony, and other sorts of hurting.DecisionThe universe will take up to reapportion its energy and resources off from simply prosecuting economic growing to turn toing issues of poorness, equality, gender equality, and entree to wellness attention and instruction alternatively authorising all who wish to take part in finding their hereafter with the right to make so.Today the universe is focused on the person. In 2050, communities, relationships betwixt people, and personal duties to the society will be the cardinal rule in the bui lding of our metropoliss. Pro imaginativeness of incumbent metropolis serve like nutrient, H2O, waste handling, and energy will be more localised, incorporating these services into the cloth of the metropolis. Bringing these services closer will besides reconnect people with the Earth, giving people better sagacity into their resource usage and impacts.Waste volumes will be farther reduced through extremely efficient waste sorting, recycling, and composting. My vision of the hereafter is that the World will fall in and devour itself if solutions of re-using and recycling are non implemented. This will bring forth options that can help in quality of life every bit good as supplying the necessities that people need to last.ADD SOMETHING TO LINK QUALITY OF LIFE / SURVIVAL WITH NOMADICSo as we move into the hereafter I predict that we will go more mobile and need to travel about in a more rational manner. By making a shelter that is impermanent, lightweight and self sustainable. A sh elter that has been designed for people on the move, a device that can be made readily available in different locations around the universe. It can be apace dismounted and constructed to house the resident as fast and efficient signifier of shelter.A self-sufficing shelter that sustains itself, utilizing energy produced by algae. Fuelled on algae bio Diesel, it can bring forth its ain electricity to power the necessities for life.My design NewDealDesigna various safety for rubbish victimsThe urban collapsible shelter is an geographic expedition of mass-produced, easy-to-assemble and quick-to-mobilize recycling hubs.A household of 2 objects, Collector and Case and HUB , represent new solutions for shelter, comfort, energy and administration. Equally good as provide varying degrees of protection for different climes and milieus, it provides a more hygienic and safe life environment for the dwellers.HUB is a construct for a portable lodging unit that would assist people in run int oing their immediate shelter demands created by deficiency of lodging and hapless life conditions.This shelter can be really rapidly entranceed and reassembled with merely few necessary tools and offer dwellers with single life infinite. This shelter is made from from reclaimable and reclaimable materials.The chief HUB must be erected by 6-10 people, this can be designed and make on demand at variable locations.Each of the objects are compressed into space-saving packaging. Easy to fabricate and transport within a few hours.Once they arrive, they can be set up easy by the dwellers to supply instant support structurally, socially, and emotional.Many alternate lodging solutions deal with little graduated table but ca nt get by with big graduated table displaced populations. The shelterEasily movable, foldaway and able to be shipped levelBuilt of reclaimable stuffs and have the ability to be reusedEasy to raise and piece with few or no toolsAmenable to infrastructure? can be used as a basic construction, but have the capablenesss to upgrade and implement modern comfortssStackable provide comfortss ( electricity for light, compact range and icebox ) .Adjusting to this alteration by utilizing10-Everyone holding the chance for a better life11-ConclusionThis is what people still needFuture visionIn 2050, our societies will exceed the narrow focal point on stuff goods and wealth coevals that we see today. They will alternatively, strive to run into the deeper demands of human existences, turn toing ecstasy and religious and emotional fulfilment.Indexs of success, now frequently measured in strictly fiscal footings, will alternatively look at thoughts of felicity and satisfaction. The universe will reapportion its energy and resources off from simply prosecuting economic growing to turn toing issues of poorness, equity, gender equality, and entree to wellness attention and instruction alternatively authorising all who wish to take part in finding their hereafter wi th the right to make so.Today the universe is focused on the person. In 2050, communities, relationships between people, and personal duties to the society will be the cardinal rule in the building of our metropoliss. Provision of necessary metropolis services like nutrient, H2O, waste handling, and energy will be more localised, incorporating these services into the cloth of the metropolis. Bringing these services closer will besides reconnect people with the Earth, giving people better insight into their resource usage and impacts.Waste volumes will be farther reduced through extremely efficient waste sorting, recycling, and composting.