Review Questions Essay

1. What are club drugs? What are some of the factors that support the use of club drugs? Club drugs are synthetic drugs that are typically used in bars, nightclubs, raves, and other gatherings, some factors that support the use of these are the setting of raves and nightclubs. 2. What are screening tests? Why are they used? Screening tests are nonspecific and help a forensic scientist identify several particular drugs that the substance is likely to be, these tests are used to narrow possibilities and eliminate others. 3. What are color tests? Why are these tests used? Color tests are test that use a chemical reagent to the drug and observing whether or not the material changes color, these tests are used to show the screening of drugs but not specifically. 4. What are microcrystalline tests? What information do they provide? Microcrystalline tests involve exposing the substance to a reagent and then examining the color and morphology of the crystals that form. This test can be done quickly and the drug does not need to be separated from any other substances that it is with. 5. What is spectrophotometry? How can this be useful in identifying drugs? Spectrophotometry tests use UV lights to distinguish drugs from one another. Because different drugs react differently to the UV light, it helps identify them. Critical Thinking Questions 1. Why are forensic scientists an important part of drug cases? Forensic scientists are an important part of drug cases because they help discover the drugs at the sight, and what drug it may be, using multiple tests. If someone possesses a drug forensics can prove whether they in fact did possess drugs. They can also test to see in a person is under the influence of a drug. 2. If you were a forensic scientist and you were called to a crime scene to see if drugs were present, what would you do to determine this? I would first do a color test, and then a spectrophotometry test, because all drugs have a different reaction to the UV light. 3. Why is it important for forensic scientists to have as much information as possible about the place where a possible drug substance was found?

Health and Social Care Essay

People use different ways to communicate with other people, depending on the situation in a health and social care setting. Informal is mostly used between people who know each other very well and formal for individuals who do not know others to well or have not met before. People who are expected to talk in a formal language in a health and social care setting are the care workers. Care workers should ensure they know the difference between the two different conversational languages and use the correct one accordingly. For this essay I will be analysing the two different ways to communicate to people and give examples to why people use these ways to communicate. Formal conversations are mostly used between two individuals who are of a profession or who have not met before. Formal language doesn’t use contractions for example, He is going out now. NOT he’s going out now. Vocabulary is also different, please refrain from smoking (formal) please don’t smoke (inform al). According to stretch and whitehouse (2010, p6) ‘formal communication is understood by a wide range of people.’ This means that people from different backgrounds/ ages can understand the concepts of formal language. Informal language is less strict on grammar and often uses shorter sentences. Informal language also uses slang instead of using the correct words for things. This type of language is normally spoken and not written. It is ok to talk to friends in an informal manner but you wouldn’t talk to your patients about their medical guidelines in this language you would talk to them in a formal way. In a health and social care setting informal language could be used when you’re giving a patient an update if you’re just walking down the hall way. People need to know when it is acceptable to use either formal or informal language in a health and social care setting. If an individual doesn’t know when they are supposed to be using formal language then they can make themselves look unprofessional and that they don’t know how to speak in a formal manner. Also if they use informal instead of formal then it’s harder for people to communicate back in the group. In summary, informal and formal communication are quite different to each other. If an individual was to use the wrong form of language in a health and social care setting then they can make that person feel disrespected, whereas if they were to use the correct form then they can communicate more effectively. Bibliography STRECH, B. & WHITEHOUSE, N. (eds) Health and Social Care Level 3 Book1, Pearson, Harlow Essex

Soccer Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Soccer Culture - Essay Example I asked my father to intervene and decide for us. It was when my father confirmed it as Soccer that I happened to learn that this was a world of wonders that I yet needed to explore. One question was constantly beeping in my mind, â€Å"But why was it so non-existent in US?† I consulted several sources to find the answer and was lucky enough to gather bits which when assembled laid a comprehensive answer in front of me. I would answer that question in this paper, but first, I want to share some general information about the Soccer culture that I happened to find in the way of searching my question’s answer. One of the most played sports in the world is Soccer. If we track its history, this sport has always had a unique culture that has inspired the civilized world. When we talk about the culture of Soccer, it includes various successful events, rumors and articles in the life of the sport, controversies that the sport has remained subjected to form time to time as well as its political, economical and sociological impacts on the world in general and individual nations in particular. Soccer is a very well known sport and is played almost everywhere. Some people confuse Soccer with Football, though the two games are considerably different in concept, rules and techniques. Soccer fans are divided into derbies (Mercado). These are essentially contests between competitors who are emotionally supported by their fans. This is what makes this sport feel more like a battle with various political and socioeconomic influences on the competing nations than a game. Also, the news and articles that discuss Soccer matches commonly orient their discussion around the rivalry between competitors. Soccer match is considered worth betting on and millions of people loose and earn millions of dollar in a matter of only moments. Likewise, the soccer clubs differ from each other in order to accord with old traditions. Their differences are based on various socioeconomic and political traits of old traditions. The rivals conventionally base their aggression on various disturbing events of the past and also, the political and cultural differences between them. There is also a big industry in the name pf Soccer that manufactures such things as banners, scarves and hats. These products are conventionally made with meaningful and team specific symbols on them so that use of these products would speak of the consumer’s favor for particular teams. Famous players give autographs on the balls to make them precious souvenirs, which promote the culture of Soccer. Owing to its voluminous popularity, many Soccer leagues have been established in different countries across the globe. Prominent clubs and team cultures are encouraged in festivals, literature and crafts. Soccer has always served to unite the divided world. This is evident from the fact that British soldiers played Soccer with indigenous people of Iraq and Afghanistan just like they had done d uring the 1st World War on the Christmas Day in 1914 (NPR). However, US has never made similar use of Soccer. The primary reason behind this is that a nation’s culture reflects in its ports. As a result of my study, I discovered that Soccer had originated in Europe. Around the mid 19th century, it was fashioned in UK from where it spread far and wide (NPR). However, the European nations have had a strong influence on it. If there is something that best represents the gap between the American and European norms, it is the differences betwe

Based on a classroom learning experience, discuss the social Essay

Based on a classroom learning experience, discuss the social psychological influences on your academic achievement - Essay Example Your academic success today is not necessarily indicative of your success in the future. Working to improve shows others that you have not given up on yourself, so others will not likely give up on you (Ekeler, W. 1997).† The aspiration of every parent for their children is that they develop themselves into mature individuals who can have faith and confidence in themselves that they will succeed in life. Although the interaction within the family is a factor that can help mold the attitude and characteristics of the students, the parents have a high regard for the teachers in school to reinforce this perception. It is a fact, that in the schooling years, the children would spend at least one-third of the day in school, five days a week, thus the influence of the teachers and the interrelationship with their peers, provide the bigger factor in a child’s social development. While in school, the student have to decide with whom to conform, either with a chosen group, or the teacher’s influence with regards to his identity, that he had seemingly impressed upon the teacher. It can help when one realizes how difficult it is to decide whether to belong to a group, or to take the risk of giving up old friends, being aware that time will come, when they will be going in different directions. One discouraging idea for an individual to pursue the satisfaction of his own self identity, is that it can be lonely. Generally, a student is not aware of the Social Identity Theory, which explains that a person has not one personal self, but rather several selves that correspond to widening circles of group membership, in which the quest for positive distinctiveness means that people’s sense of who they are is defined in terms of â€Å"we† rather than â€Å"I.† (2010) A classroom experience has the tendency to implant a lasting impact, and unbeknownst to the teachers, can affect the attitude and behavior of a student towards his learning gr owth or outlook towards himself. For example, the process by which the teachers would normally segregate the students in a classroom, based on their own judgment, which is not always true and accurate, can prove to be discouraging. There was this one student who believes he has the potential to excel. However, he has not shown that side of him yet, because there was no chance. The teacher did not see him as an achiever, therefore, he was placed among the lower set, while the perceived achievers were grouped seated separately. Naturally, he was not given an opportunity to show his bright academic side. He got easily influenced with the others in his group, who were comfortable and conveniently happy that the teachers did not expect much from them. Therefore, he did not see the importance of working and studying harder. During the final test, he got a low mark, even though, at the start of the sessions, he was confident that he has the ability to tackle complex exercises. The above ex perience may be the result of first impressions that readily form the social perception. If there is no special reason to think negatively about a person, one's first impression of that person will normally be positive, as people tend to give others the benefit of the doubt. However, people are especially attentive to negative factors, and if these are present,

How the Olympics Influenced History Research Paper

How the Olympics Influenced History - Research Paper Example This paper is critical analysis of the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, with special focus on the historical significance of that particular global event. Historians refer the 1936 Olympic Games in various terms, including â€Å"Hitler Olympics† and â€Å"propaganda Olympics†. Some of the factors that made the event remarkable include the features and facilities installed in the venues, use of modern telecommunication technology and the propaganda propagated by the Nazi government in addition to exemplar performance by the participating athletes. By the time Berlin City was granted the right to host Olympic Games, Germany was under the leadership of Weimer, but in 1933, Adolf Hitler took over the government heralding one of the most momentous and eventful eras in history. The coming to power of Adolf Hitler transformed the growing and delicate democracy into an absolute dictatorial country, under one party rule, the National Socialist German Workers Party popularly referred as Nazi (Rippon, 78-85) Hitler’s ascendancy to power in 1933 elicited widespread concern in the world, throwing the 1936 Olympic Games in jeopardy. United States and several European democracies questioned the morality of supporting and sponsoring Olympic Games under Hitler’s oppressive regime. ... In order to make Aryans the dominant race in Germany, Hitler passed laws that authorized doctors to conduct sterilization by force on colored people, psychiatric patients and people with physical disabilities (Kass, 225). The Jews in German experienced the most severe crackdown characterized by physical assaults, economic boycotts on their interests, and forced expulsion from government jobs and other professions. In addition, they were excluded from social places such as recreation amenities. Moreover, Jews were prohibited from engaging in intermarriages with the Aryan race (Kass, 226). According to Rippon (152), Nazi leadership used the Olympic Games to promote the superiority of the Aryan race. German citizens that were not of Aryan ancestry were excluded from the German team, and sports facilities. In addition, they were condemned to poorly equipped facilities that severely limited their abilities to compete in the 1936 Olympic Games (Rippon, 163). The reports on persecution of J ewish athletes in Germany in 1933 reached organizers of the Olympic Games, which responded by the sending observers in the country to asses the situation. Young (144) notes that the American Olympic committee strongly condemned the unfolding events in Germany, by asserting that the basis of Olympic Games revitalization would be severely undermined by the limiting participation of athletes on grounds of race, creed or race. Several member nations in the Olympic committee considered Germany to be denied the right to host the games. In view of the growing concern from global leaders, the German government embarked on a well orchestrated propaganda aimed at impressing the world on its

Paraphrase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Paraphrase - Essay Example Even more interesting, mundane tasks like cooking were governed by cultural guidelines, where, for example, yams were said to be manly crops because they were complicated to cultivate and harvest while staple foods like cassava had minimal significance. In this community, breaking of the kola nut was synonymous with receiving visitors at home. The Ibo religion with its reverence of many gods dictated the raising of children, ruling of the society and entertainment and communication with others. The community believed in one’s personal god, chi. According to Achebe, being in agreement with something causes chi to also agree (27). This divinity would therefore ensure the protection and success of such an individual. The Igbo had the belief of god being the ruler over the affairs of people. To support this, Achebe uses the character of Unoka, Okonwko’s father, being told that the greatness of the harvest of man who is at peace with the gods and ancestors would be determined by the strength of his arm (17). In seeking to bond the community together, the Igbo culture upholds hospitality and observes religious principles. Nonetheless, the community is not under the rule of religion interpretation by spiritual or political community leaders. Regardless of gender, everyone makes individual decisions regarding their lives. This has more freedom than was the case with the society where Okonwko lived in. 2-This book depicts Achebe’s criticism of the insensitivity towards the helpless in the traditional Igbo community. Achebe uses various events and characters to show the misgivings of the traditional life of the Igbo. For example, the author uses Obierika, Okonwko’s best friend to appeal to Okonkwo to balance his emotions. Unlike Okonkwo, Obierika is a responsible father, husband, friend and member of the Igbo community. This character appeals to Okonkwo to think of more critical issues such as universal morality and truths. He

Punishment and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Punishment and Society - Essay Example 108). According to Wendy (2005, p. 108), these authors vary in their focus on particular elements, there is a general agreement that the nature of punishment changes through the historical transition from primitive or early tribal law to the development of modern legal systems. Early tribal law is also called primitive legal systems is linked to small homogeneous and undifferentiated societies. This paper will assume a period in mid 19th century (1840s- 1860s) and look into how matters of theft, infanticide and rioting would be dealt with as at that time based on evidence from similar cases handled during this period. It is worthwhile to note that the period quoted in this question refers to a time in which the children and adults were treated the same in judgment (Centre on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2006, p. 6). Case of Jack Martin VS Lord Master Man In this case Jack Martin, a 10 year-old boy is convicted of the theft of two rabbits from Lord Master Man's land.  According to law in the 19th century this case would have counted as Petty Larceny especially if the value of the rabbits did not exceed a shilling. Also, it might be expected that the value of rabbits would exceed one shilling and in that occasion, this case would be counted as Grand Larceny. Either way, Jack would have a case to answer especially if evidence is sufficient. However, based on the case of Cooper Vs Walker, 1851, another consideration may arise. This case of Cooper Vs Walker relates to a market gardener of Beeston, Robert Cooper, an agricultural laborer John Walker and the theft of some onions. The census statistics of 1851 for Girt-ford near Sandy shows John Walker then a boy of 10 years old living with his parents William and Mary. John was the youngest of the four children, Thomas (15) Daniel (13) and Sarah (12). Records shows John to had been laborer at this age opposed to what would have been expected of him being a pupil. In 1861 however John had been accused of assault but was released after two months of imprisonment. He seems to have been set fair for a life of crime and indeed between September 1861 and March 1874 he had 14 convictions for petty offences (Victorian Crime and Punishment 2006, p. 18) There was noticeable difference however between Robert Cooper and John's family. The census statistics of 1871 for Beeston, also near Sandy, shows Robert to have been a young man of 27 years living with his 24 year old wife, Elizabeth and their three young children John (4), Charles (3) and Maud, a year old. The Coopers were rich enough to employ a living-in servant Jane Martin. They had wealth generated from their market gardening activities which were plasticized on a piece of 43 acres of land. On 13th September 1873 it is reported that as Cooper was sitting near the hedge bordering one of his fields where there were heaps of onions lying in the field, he watched as John Walker who, until the previous day had worked for him pick onions from these heaps . Walker picked about a peck from every heap and then smoothened out the heap so as to conceal the disturbance. He then used a sack to carry the stolen onions. This

Reconstruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reconstruction - Essay Example ved their freedom from their white masters, African Americans would celebrate their newly won liberties and rights in the years following the war – also referred by historians as the period of Reconstruction. In the book America: A Concise History by James Henretta and David Bordy, we get in-depth analysis and commentary on this crucial period in American history. We learn from the text that the Reconstruction project is largely a failure. The acceding of eleven defeated Southern states into the Union was going to be a highly challenging process due to cultural and political dissimilarities between the two former warring groups. Indeed, the non-viability of this proposition had what ultimately led to the abandonment of Reconstruction efforts; and much of the bipartisanship seen in American politics today is proof of this deep division in the countrys social and political makeup. Immediately after the Civil War an atmosphere of euphoria prevailed, when intellectuals and common people alike dreamt of a radically new American society. But as the initial excitement of the Reconstruction era faded out, people came to the realization that old, established institutions would not change readily. In many ways the Civil Rights movement that occurred a century later was a reaction to the failure of the Reconstruction project. In this sense, the progress of American society was effectively held back for a hundred

Human Resource Planning and Forecasting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Resource Planning and Forecasting - Essay Example *Granny Toy Company must also make sure that the strategy of the business is linked with the performance of its employees. The Company may also allow employees to design the objectives for the Company because it is then that they will be able to develop a better understanding of the goal and will work accordingly to accomplish it. This will also result in improved performance of the employees. * Granny Toy Company must try to work hard to retain the talented workforce of the Company, as the employees are considered to be an important asset of the company. For this purpose the Company must design an effective compensation and benefit plan for its employees. *The flexible environment provided by the Company to the employees also affects the staffing process. The environment of the Company must be easily adaptable i.e. it should be flexible enough that new employees can easily adjust in it. *When new employees are being hired by the Company for their expansion and additional products it is important that the Granny Toy Company gives them enough time to develop their skills and adjust in the organizational environment. They must train them with the skills essential for the position they are about to cover. Sometimes time can be an essence for Granny Toy Company. In such a case it will be effective that the company selects employees with the required skills within the organization i.e. the internal supply of employees, as it will save a lot of time and will reduce the HR cost. *The external environment forecasting (Event based forecasting) may also impose certain impact on staffing needs of the competitors existing in the industry. *Some legal factors such as certain laws related to the labor and some socio economic factors such as the number of women working in the respective industry etc. may also affect the staffing process of Granny Toy Company; therefore the company must foster

Deontological ethics Essay Example for Free

Deontological ethics Essay In life one must deal with moral and ethical dilemmas. â€Å"Ethics is defined as the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral obligation† (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2013). It studies human moral behavior and how one should act. Ethics helps to explain how a person should feel about a particular situation. There are several groups of studies of ethics that defend and recommend concepts of right and wrong. The focus of this paper will be to describe three of the groups of within ethics, which are virtue theory, utilitarianism, and, deontological ethics. Afterward, it will show how virtue theory played a major part in a personal ethical dilemma. Virtue ethics is a classification within Normative Ethics that attempts to discover and classify what might be deemed of moral character, and to apply the moral character as a base for ones choices and actions† (Gowdy, 2009, Virtue Ethics, para. 1). The general perspective of virtue ethics is that one should choose their own personal excellence and contentment. If the person’s character is good, one should not be judged mainly by rules and customs. Virtue theory looks at someone’s habits of excellence for long term and forgives for minor mistakes. The Utilitarianism theory means â€Å"The greatest good for the greatest number† (Boylan, 2009, p. 153). â€Å"Utilitarianism is an ethical principle according to which an action is right if it tends to maximize happiness, not only the agent also of everyone affected† (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2013). They focus on the acts of a person rather than ones motives. The moral action in this theory must be the greatest aggregate utility or the average utility. Bentham and Mills supported the theory of utilitarianism and created the pleasure principle. They believed that pleasure principle is a clearly identifiable end to what humans strive. â€Å"Deontological is a moral theory that emphasizes one’s duty to do a particular action just because the action, itself, is inherently right and not through any other sorts of calculations such as consequences to the action† (Boylan, 2009, p. 171). Deontology advocates the nature of principle. Moral principles are warranted through an understanding of the structure, reason and will. The foundation of commands in deontology involves laws and natural moral duties. Kant was a strong proponent of deontology and believed that people must act from duty. He argued that it is not the effects of actions that make them right or wrong but the motives of the person. My moral dilemma relates to the virtue theory because of my family’s strong religious values and beliefs. My family nurtured me in a strict Catholic household and with high family religious morals. I performed all the Catholic rituals starting from when I was very young, such as first communion and all the way to confirmation. We went to church every Sunday and my family and I still continue the same rituals. I encountered my moral dilemma when I became pregnant before I was married. My family was very disappointed when they discovered I was pregnant and wanted us to get married right away. In the Catholic religion it is considered a major sin to have a baby out of wedlock. My boyfriend and I believed we were not prepared to get married at the time. Marriage is a strong sacrament in our religion as well. We did not want to rush into getting married just because of my family’s religious values. We married in Catholic Church two years after our son was born. Even though I lived my life as a respectable Catholic, I could not conform strictly to their rules. I had to decide what was best for my absolute moral value and character. In conclusion it is good to question ethics because one must decide from right and wrong. We have learned through virtue, utilitarianism, and deontological theories that there are different ways to rationalize a dilemma. The responsibility of an individual is to decide how to deal with each ethical situation to the best of our own abilities. It is from actual life experiences and ethical values that make us who we are. References Boylan, M. (2009). Basic Ethics (2nd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Ethics. (2013). In Merriam-Websters Online Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www. merriam- webster. com/dictionary/ethic Gowdy, L. N. (2009). Ethic Morals. Retrieved from http://www. ethicsmorals. com/ethicsvirtue. html Utilitarianism. (2013). In Merriam-Websters Online Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/utilitarianism.

How Power Is Maintained Within The Society Media Essay

How Power Is Maintained Within The Society Media Essay According to Lukes (1986) cited in Scott (2001), power is, in its most general sense, the production of casual effects. When it comes to the social power, probably the best known definition of all was introduced by a German sociologist Max Weber (1920). He distinguished three kinds of power- traditional authority, legal authority and charismatic authority. Traditional authority occurred mainly in early Middle Ages and in some of todays tribal societies. It is the most stable form of power, not very susceptible to manipulation, because it is based mainly on tradition, which could be extremely difficult to change and the effects of such changes could be difficult to predict. Charismatic authority based on a personal ability to subordinate people, their dedication and trust in relation to the leader. No one else is able to perform such kind of power except of the person endowed with charisma. Legal authority is the least stable and its impermanence is apparent from the ease of manipula tion of the legal standards that form the basis of legitimacy. The authority is a feature of the relationship, not an attribute of personality. It is the impact on the partners in a mutual relationship. The aim of this essay is to show the ways, in which power is maintained within the society, through the transmission of values and ideas. Media can contribute a lot to a society. It can change opinions because they have access to people and this gives it a lot of strength. This strength can either be used constructively by educating people or it can be used destructively by misleading the innocent people. According to van Dijk article (1995) media uses their power in a really elaborate way. Thanks to its persuasive power, mass media can influence and control the audiences minds. Consequently through such a mind control, the mass media can also indirectly affect the viewers or readers actions. Author argues also, that the mass media consciously leaves a bit of independence to its audiences, just to make them better absorbed and encourages them to be actively involved instead of stay passive. Such a deliberate action of the media on the recipient, van Dijk described as a media manipulation. Author further explains, that the manipulation is the most effective when the recipients do not realize, they are being a subject of the media manipulation. Furthermore, according to that, manipulation is often perceived in a negative terms and is also being seen as a kind of the power abuse in the media. It is because of people, who create an image or certain argument just to support own interests. In effect, recipients accepts the news reports as a true and journalists opinions as a trustworthy.(van Dijk, 1995). There are many ways in which media manipulate their audiences inter alia suppression by omission, labeling, face-value transmission, slighting of content, false balancing, or framing. The basic way to make people stop to listen certain arguments, is to divert their attention elsewhere. The useful tool to do this is propaganda.(Herman, 2003;) In Manufacturing Consent Chomsky and Herman explains that the vast majority of the mass media companies are businesses, owned by wealthy people or big companies, and therefore media are mainly looking for profit, and they are selling airtime in TV or columns in newspapers to advertisers, who wants their ads to appear in a supporting environment just to secure access to the widest audience. Moreover, Herman and Chomsky introduced five factors actively involved in propaganda model. Those factors are: ownership, advertising, sourcing, flak and anticommunist ideology.(Herman, 2003) Those factors works like a filters, every information must pass through to get its final shape. Marxists also agrees, that ownership is an important factor. From Marxist point of view, if a newspapers are owned by the wealthy, it suggest that they will promote views of their owners. Another way in which the productivities of the mass media are affirmed, is through advertising. Companies pay large amounts of money just to have their products advertised in the newspaper or shown in television, and in effect the vast majority of newspapers or commercial television stations exists only because they earn money from advertising goods and services. Nowadays advertisements are everywhere and for some people it is nothing more than letting to know what is new or worth to buy. But for Marxists advertising performs more functions than only informing people what is worth buying. (Berger,1982; Chapter 2) In his book The State in the Capitalist Society R. Milliband analyzed the functions of the mass media, and he found that advertising could be seen also as a kind of political tool, because it reinforces the existing social order and highlights the rule of the capitalists. Milliband stated that advertising not only informs but mostly persuades. It not only tells to the potential buyer what to buy, but also suggests that capitalism is the best system. Consequently, the company not only sells goods, it also sells capitalism. Just to conclude propaganda model from the Marxist perspective, if a group own the production, they have not only economic, but also political power. The state is being seen as an institution which helps to organize the capitalist society, while the working class people are said to hold values, ideas and beliefs, but their ideas are still being manipulated by the media. Marx saw capitalism as a system of unequal wealth distribution within group of the powerful people, and believed, that the masses will further give up with capitalism to find the less oppressive system. (Best, 2002; 78-79) The Marxs theory of ideology was further continued by an Itali an Marxist Antonio Gramsci. Gramsci understood that each of the dominant political class dominates also the consciousness of others. Gramsci believed that the working class has not made a revolution because capitalism was on its cultural hegemony. Cultural hegemony in practice is limited to fixing the content has already been imposed. Such content may be, for example lifestyle, religion, school programs or career patterns. All this is presented to a subordinate class in a knowledge-sense way, and it effectively prevents the proletarians from formation of their own culture, their own patterns of life, or their own ideas. In Marxs materialist concept of history, the conditions of scarcity and poverty create antagonism between the classes. Antagonism, which leads to the hegemony of one class over another. Capitalism has not collapsed thanks to the cultural hegemony. The workers accepted the existing system of production as really reasonable and unassailable. Therefore that gave the ide ological victory for the bourgeoisie. To succeed the revolution, workers must have their own culture and ideology. Therefore the key challenge for them is to oppose to the bourgeois culture. (Gramsci, 1926-37) According to Turow, hypodermic needle theory implied that the mass media had a direct, immediate and powerful effect on their audiences. That model of media communication was introduced by S. Tchakhotine (1939) and was based on media war propaganda. Broadcasters using the targeted content continuously and systematically stimulate basic instincts of the recipients on a stimulus- response base. This model assumes passivity and irrationality of behavior and a high susceptibility to the content of propaganda. A reflection of this concept in the context of the relationship between media and the recipient is a shot called a magic bullet theory or hypodermic needle injection. The basis of this theory is the assertion of total passivity of the recipients and the lack of resistance to the transfer. It was assumed that the message reaches all units in the society, which each of them receives in the same way, and it leads them to a similar reaction. Every unit within the society becomes a subje ct to bite specified by the message and whether it will be effective depends only on the dose. (Croteau and Hoynes, 2003, 240; Turow, 2009, 153) French sociologist Jean Baudrillard in his book Simulacra and Simulation argues that we live in an age of simulacra in which reality has been absorbed by its own representation, in an age in which truth, reference or objective reason ceased to exist. According to the philosopher people no longer perceive reality, only a simulation. In the opinion of Baudrillard simulacra has become one of the most important category in our culture. Media lead to the invalidation of reality, and to stem the flow of information. Each event is ground, which according to the author of Simulacra and Simulation leads to loss of feeling and the whole sequence of events. Simulation runs directly to produce hyper-reality, which defines the reality even more real than the reality itself. Media offer us the beauty more beautiful than the beauty and truth truer than the truth. Baudrillard argues that there is no reality, which does not mean that we live in a world of fantasy, he says only that people can no long er reach the unmediated reality. Baudrillard says that the reality does not disappear, it vanished the difference between what is real and what is simulated. Our senses are no longer able to distinguish between images and simulacrum.(Baudrillard, 1994; 21-23) Baudrillard also famously claimed that the Gulf War in 1991, did not happen, although its appearance in television. It is obvious, that the war actually took place, but the meaning and the details of what happened are inseparable from television coverage.(Baudrillard, 1995; 17). A man immersed in the hyper-reality, assess their real survival according to whether they match with the image promoted by the movies he watch, he sees himself in the mirror through the prism of ideal images in advertising. A sense of reality blurs for him forever because of continuous invasion of images served by the media, what captures their understanding of the world. In conclusion, media therefore do not affect what people think, but affect it, about what people think and can focus our attention on some issues, turning it (via omissions, etc.) from the other cases. The views of the unit depends largely on its perceived bias, the opinion prevailing in the social environment, and these in turn from the views presented in the mass media. The views of the media are easier than others reinforced by public opinion. The truth of this assertion depends on the activities of dissident groups, having the courage and strength to expression of alternative.

The Power of Peer Pressure :: Peer Pressure Essays

Introduction Why is Peer pressure so great to people especially to teenagers? Why do young people smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol or even use drugs? People enjoy being in a group of people who sees eye to eye about things, Whether it is kind of clothing to wear, the kind of food to eat, that way our own opinions whether they are wise or foolish appears to be valid for the people around you. It creates an environment of social acceptance. It is a wonderful research topic to study because it has significance to teenagers like me. I want to know what influence us and how to avoid them. Negative influence can change our lifestyle. Peer pressure is responsible for sudden social change that influences some people to do thing they’ve never done before in positive or negative way. Teenagers experience peer pressure every day from their friends, their classmates, their coworkers, and many others. While positive influence is something to be encouraged, negative peer pressure can cause many problems in your daughter or son’s life parents, friends and other peer group can help you teens resist negative peer pressure by talking the time to talk with them about it and helping them develop the tools and skills needed. Peer pressure leads to some disturbing negative behavior in some teenagers. Almost half of teenagers were feeling pressured by their friend about sexual activity. In a survey conducted by Survelum Public Data Bank, students feel pressured by their friends between 35 and 49 percent of the time. Psychiatrist attribute the power of peer influence to a group particularly if the group has social status within that area. Peer Pressure can be positive. For example, wanting to join an athletic group of friends may compel and be forced otherwise sedentary student to try out for soccer team. In Survelum Public Data Bank survey on peer pressure, 51% of teenagers felt that peer pressure or the influence was sometimes positive. The Advantages Peer Study Group Children are influenced by their group, just as adults are. It can help children do better in school. A study group is a functional group composed of two or more students. The study group atmosphere offers the students the opportunity to learn more broad discussions, sharing their opinions and knowledge about a certain topic or in a course. It also helps them avoid procrastination. Many students tend to cram for test/exams on the night before or begin projects with very limited time. When in study group scheduled days can avoid participants to procrastination. Students tend to learn efficiently within a group versus

On the Obligation to Keep One’s Promises Essay -- Essays Papers

On the Obligation to Keep One’s Promises Moral philosophy is generally in pursuit of the â€Å"ought.† More specifically, a common goal is to create some sort of rubric for evaluating specific situations, and in the face of a decision, revealing what â€Å"ought to be done.† A very important and consequently complicated â€Å"ought† is that which dictates if one should keep a promise. This topic is so vast that is seems it would take a great deal of effort to make progress towards an answer, and in fact, there have been volumes of philosophy written about this very subject matter. Two 18th-century moral philosophers who tackled this mammoth rather successfully are Immanuel Kant and David Hume. The backbone of Kant’s moral philosophy is what he calls the â€Å"categorical imperative.† In the Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant uses the preface and the first section to introduce and develop the idea, and then in the second section finally states it for the first time: â€Å"Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.† (Kant, Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, pg30)1. The â€Å"maxim† Kant speaks of is simply the motive behind the act, and a â€Å"universal law† is one that is a priori, namely, â€Å"a [law] of thought in general without regard to difference of its objects.† (Grounding, pg1). The categorical imperative states that an act should only be preformed if the motive driving the action could become a universal law, and therefore could be applied always regardless of the specifics of a situation. It should seem obvious now that th e categorical imperative is directly related to the question of whether one should or should not keep a promise. In... ...ames. W. Ellington translation. The page citations follow the pages in that edition (see Sources). 2 This quote, and all other quotes from David Hume’s Treatise of Human Nature comes from the second edition of the Oxford text. The page citations follow the pages in that edition (see Sources). Sources Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. London: Penguin Books, 1995. Hume, David. A Treatise of Human Nature. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978. Kant, Immanuel. Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals (Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten). Translated by James W. Ellington. Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 1993. Kant, Immanuel. â€Å"On the Supposed Right to Lie because of Philanthropic Concerns† (â€Å"Uber ein vermeintes Recht aus Menschenliebe zu lugen†). Translated by James W. Ellington. Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 1993.

El Nino: Past, Present, and Future Essay -- Natural Science essays

El Nino: Past, Present, and Future El Nino is both an atmospheric and oceanic phenomenon affecting weather patterns all around the world. It is complemented by La Nina in a cycle that occurs approximately every 4 years, varying as much as every two years to every six years (Wang 1999, 3331). La Nina has almost the opposite effect, however differs in its strength and duration randomly, as does El Nino (Fedorov 2000, 1998). The cycle is often paraphrased as ENSO, standing for El Nino-Southern Oscillation (Flugel 1997, 3230). It is called this because the El Nino phenomenon is especially strong in the Southern Hemisphere, and has greater effects in areas of the pacific near the equator. Although ENSO is prominent in certain areas, it alters weather patterns all around the world. The El Nino pattern can be quite random with and approximate range of 2 to 6 years per cycle, and is a loaded gun believed to be triggered by western winds (Fedorov 2000, 1997). Many scientists are now looking to the past for answers, so the El N ino cycle can be predicted for the years to come. New discoveries have recently been made on El Nino's history, and possible future. Recent El Nino's and La Nina's have shown that there is no effect of the strength and duration of one on the other (Fedorov 2000, 1998). The last one in 1997 was among the strongest, next to the 1982 El Nino (Fedorov 1997). Although the ENSO is relatively unpredictable, some scientists believe it to be dependent upon the intensity of trade winds and the depth of the thermocline (Fedorov 2000, 1997). A thermocline is the layer of water that rests between the upper and lower layer water that are categorized by the water temperature (Fedorov 2000, 1997). For example, off the coast of Peru... ... could argue that these alterations from the normal ENSO cycle could be due to global warming. Right now more research is being conducted, which would be necessary to prove this theory. Only time can tell us whether we will need to beware of El Nino's wrath in the future or whether El Nino will be tapering out. Works Cited Fedorov, Alexey V. and S. George Philander. "Is El Nino Changing?". Science: vol. 288, June 16, 2000, pp. 1997-2001. Flugel, Moritz and Ping Chang. "Does the Predictability of ENSO Depend on the Seasonal Cycle?". Journal of Atmospheric Sciences: vol. 55, No. 21, pp. 3230-3243. Kerr, Richard A. "El Nino Grew Strong As Cultures Were Born". Science: vol. 283, Jan 22, 1999, pp. 467-468. Wang, Risheng and Bin Wang. "Phase Space Representation and Characteristics of El Nino-La Nina". Journal of Atmospheric Sciences: vol. 57, No. 19, pp. 3315-3333.

Manpower Issues Essay

The fast food industry is a labor driven sector. It has an extensive requirement of manpower to serve the increasing flow of consumer traffic at the outlets. Skilled labor with fast pace of work is the basic requirement for this job. It is mostly youngsters who are eligible for this job but it can be stressful and at times hazardous. This industry requirement for long hours of duty, on the toe at all times and attentive to the needs of the customer is quite an uphill task. There is no doubt that the emergence and growth of this industry sector has solved the unemployment problem to a great extent. Many youngsters have found a living in this industry but the pay packages earlier were not very attractive. The pay scales have no doubt improved now but the work conditions remain almost the same. The Back Yard Burgers currently employ over 10,000 people throughout their chain of restaurants. Each restaurant employs around 25 employees, of which some are part timers. A company-operated restaurant has a unit supervisor and two co-unit supervisors. Each unit supervisor reports to the district manager. A district manager has about five to eight restaurants in their supervision. Their role constitutes of keeping tabs on all aspects of operations and management of the restaurants in their jurisdiction. Each of these district managers’ report to the Director of Operations. The company endorses strict training and personnel development strategy. All personnel have to go through a personnel-training program on fast friendly and efficient customer service, restaurant cleanliness, and proper management of day-to-day operations. The employees have to go through classroom sessions that brief them about aspects of food safety, sanitation, laws, and regulations related to the food industry and operational aspects of restaurant. The company envisages labor to be a critical factor in the coming years since the opportunities have increased manifolds. The demand for skilled labor is rising and this will lead to higher wages and compensation packages. Managing and retaining quality workforce in this industry will be a little difficult task and the key to effective manpower management is to keep the employees happy and satisfied with their jobs.

University of Phoenix Material

1. If you find errors on your credit report, what steps would you take to correct them? You would need to contact the consumer reporting company and the information provider like right away when you see something not right with your report.. When you are contacting the consumer reporting company in writing you need to explain to the person on the other line what information you believe to be is true that is inaccurate. When you are contacting the information provider in writing that you dispute on the item.They might ask you some questions like an address or etc. 2. There are many organizations that claim they will repair your credit for a fee. From your readings, should someone use a credit repair service? Why or why not? What are some actions these organizations can take that should be a red flag? 3. Have you, a family member, or a friend been a victim of identity theft? How did it happen? Describe the resolution process- ex. how much time did it take, what credit damage was correc ted?Well this actually just happen to me when I went to file my taxes. After I went and filed my taxes online it said that someone already had filed them. SO I waited two hours to actually talk to someone through the IRS and they hung up not one not twice but three times and I was very angry. I explained to them my situation. So they had to send me forms that I have to fill out and send back t0 the IRS. They told me this whole process is going to take 180 days.I don’t see how because, they should have like all the proof but, I guess it a waiting game now for me to sit back and just wait for my taxes. 4. Using the FTC site, what can you do to minimize the chance of your identity getting stolen? Ways you can protect your identify would be when you are going out into the public you only want to take your drivers license and the credit card you are going to need to go shopping or whatever you case might be. You never want to do your banking through and unsecure website always one to make sure it a secure site you are sure of.You always want to keep you social security card and birth certificate lock up when going away in case if someone would ever break into your home they won’t be able to rob you for your social and birth certificate. You always want to keep your pin numbers and your password to yourself. Don’t ever give them out because then anyone can access your stuff anytime they would want from where they want to. Never give anyone your credit or bank card to purchase or go get money because they could get your information. Post the Credit Protection and Identity Theft worksheet as a Microsoft ® Word attachment. University of Phoenix Material What were the major developments in the evolution of mass media during the 20th century? During the 1900’s magazines along with newspapers became the leading literature for media. When the 1940’s rolled around radio was invented and became the new way to get in touch with the masses. Folks often tuned into to get the news on what was going on during the war. Even though radio was new there was still a high demand for the newspaper as a way to get and stay informed on different things.Then in the1950’s television became the new source for information and resources for mass media. Television was everything all rolled up into one and the people loved it. In 1962 technology grew and they came up with the Satellites which gave the masses or the American Culture access to news all around the world. Today we can all just see how far technology has came and how endless the possibilities may be for the future. There are many forms of communication and it just continues to grow and communication has become almost instant these days.There is a never ending demand for more speed, more apps and new computers with high performance and so many other ways to communicate and relay information to the masses. People want instant answers to their questions and concerns and mass media makes it happen for the people. Technology only seems to grow more and more as the demand for new ways to communicate grow with it. There is always the next best thing right after the next best thing to have and buy in way of, phones, computers, and I-pads for social networks and so on.How did each development influence American culture? Mass media has developed strongly over the past years. The development of mass media has had a big influence on the American culture in many ways. It seems today, that mass media has endless possibilities to reach people. Initially in American culture we only communicated orally. In the past people depended on teachers and story tellers to obtain knowledge. One of the beginning developments in mass media was the ability to print.As far back as the 1400’s there were books in the starting stages of becoming available to people the mass media audience. Then we had the development of the Telegraph as a way of communication that was instant, and it did away with the need to transport written information. The creation of the telegraph opened the doors to cell phones, radio and fax machines. In the Twentieth century we entered the phase of electronics. This new age of information brought television to the American culture and lead to other resources like satellite and computers.Then we moved into the digital phase which gave a wealth of power to a common person. So as we can see mass media has had a profound affect on American culture in ways we have evolved in communication. No longer relying on one certain source to gain knowledge or information, we now have many avenues of media and communication that are instant and avai lable and will only continue to become better, which allows the American culture to stay in touch, get informed, and help them better and faster with communication and recourses.

Coffee Speech Essay

General Purpose: Informal Specific Purpose: is on the topic of caffeine†¦ its beneficial effects AND its negative effects. Statement: also to inform coffee users about coffee. Introduction IOpen with impact: before you go to Starbucks store buy take and take a sip of your favorite coffee†¦ AWouldn’t you want to know a better about what you benefit and don’t out of your coffee? B I drink a lot of coffee, so I was wondering how that might affect my health CThis inspired me to do some research on the subject II Thesis: This knowledge better informs the user on what they are investing their money in. Connect: What you whant to know about caffeine is, A. Why do most humans use it. BWhat products have it CWhat are the advantages and disadvantages Preview: How many of you here consider yourself caffeine addicts? How much coffee do you drink in a day? One cup? Two cups? More? How about caffeinated sodas? Body I. Main point: Caffeine is pervasive in our society these days and every few months we hear about how a study has shown that it is bad for us or good for us. What are we to believe? A. Benefits B. Disadvantages C. Safe levels of caffeine consumption D. Effects on the body II. Main point: Today, I’d like to give you some of the facts about caffeine and its effects on your body. I may not cause you to change your coffee consumption, but at least you’ll be better informed about what you are putting into your body. III. (Transitional sentence: I’m going to talk about the beneficial effects of caffeine, the negative effects and discuss what are considered to be ‘safe’ levels of caffeine consumption Main point: Let’s start with the good news. Caffeine, which comes from the leaves, seeds and fruits of about 63 different plants, is well known as a stimulant. That’s why people drink it, right? A. Caffeine does help you wake up and feel more alert and it has been shown to increase attention spans. 1. This is a beneficial effect for people who are driving long distances and for people who are doing tedious work. 2. Calling this a health benefit may be stretching it, though staying awake while you are driving a car definitely contributes to your well-being! 3. Caffeine also contains antioxidants, which have been shown to have cancer prevention qualities 4. When consumed in small quantities – for example, when you have one cup of coffee or one soda – caffeine can increase your heart rate, cause you to urinate more (which can cause dehydration) and prompt your digestive system to produce more acid. B. When larger amounts of caffeine (over 600 mg per day) are ingested over long periods of time, they can cause sleep problems, depression and digestion issues, and headaches when not used. 1. Transition: According to a Medline article on the National Institutes of Health website, having caffeine in your diet is not of any benefit to your health, but by the same token moderate consumption is not considered harmful. 2. They say that having up to 3 eight ounce cups of coffee a day – or 250 mg of caffeine – is considered (quote) â€Å"average or moderate†. 10 cups of coffee a day is considered excessive. Also, remember that the amount of caffeine per cup can vary greatly depending on the type of beans that are used and the strength of the brew. Conclusion Summarize: As you can see, caffeine can have both positive and negative effects on our health and well-being. Nevertheless, the bottom line is that if you drink your coffee or sodas in moderation, you don’t have to worry too much. Close with impact: So, the next time you are wondering whether or not you should have that second cup of coffee to perk you up, relax. At least now you know what it will – and won’t – do for you! References before you go to Starbucks or any other coffee selling store or brands, buy and take and take a sip of your favorite coffee, Wouldn’t you want to know better about what you benefit and don’t out of your coffee? I drink a lot of coffee, so I was wondering how that might affect my health, this inspired me to do some research on the subject. This knowledge better informs the user on what they are investing their money in, Why do most humans use it, what products have it, what are the advantages and disadvantages. How many of you here consider yourself caffeine addicts? How much coffee do you drink in a day? One cup? Two cups? More? How about caffeinated sodas? : Caffeine is pervasive in our society these days and every few months we hear about how a study has shown that it is bad for us or good for us. What are we to believe? But Today, I’d like to give you some of the facts about caffeine and its effects on your body. I may not cause you to change your coffee consumption, but at least you’ll be better informed about what you are putting into your body, I’m going to talk about the beneficial effects of caffeine, the negative effects and discuss what are considered to be ‘safe’ levels of caffeine consumption. Let’s start with the good news. Caffeine, which comes from the leaves, seeds and fruits of about 63 different plants, Caffeine does help you wake up and feel more alert and it has been shown to increase attention spans. It’s well known as a stimulant. That’s why people drink it, right? This is a beneficial effect for people who are driving long distances and for people who are doing tedious work, calling this a health benefit may be stretching it, though staying awake while you are driving a car definitely contributes to your well-being! Caffeine also contains antioxidants, which have been shown to have cancer prevention qualities, When consumed in small quantities – for example, when you have one cup of coffee or one soda – caffeine can increase your heart rate, cause you to urinate more which can cause dehydration but it can prompt your digestive system to produce more acid. When larger amounts of caffeine over 600 mg per day are ingested over long periods of time, they can cause sleep problems, depression and digestion issues, and headaches when it’s not used. According to a Medline article on the National Institutes of Health website, having caffeine in your diet is not of any benefit to your health, but by the same token moderate consumption is not considered harmful. They say that having up to 3 eight ounce cups of coffee a day or 250 mg of caffeine is considered â€Å"average or moderate† now 10 cups of coffee a day is considered excessive. Also, remember that the amount of caffeine per cup can vary greatly depending on the type of beans that are used and the strength of the brew. As you can see, caffeine can have both positive and negative effects on our health and well-being. Nevertheless, the bottom line is that if you drink your coffee or sodas in moderation, you don’t have to worry too much. So, the next time you are wondering whether or not you should have that second cup of coffee to perk you up, relax. At least now you know what it will – and won’t – do for you!

Facebook Case Analysis Essay

1. Why and how do people use Facebook? Facebook is now one of the biggest platform to help people connect with friends and family. People share their information with each other on Facebook. People use Facebook in three broad ways. Firstly uploading and sharing photos, videos or statuses this acts as a means to connect with friends and family, at one click information can be shared with a number of people. Secondly, Facebook offer companies and businesses to create free profile pages, where they can share information about their products and offers. This helps companies engaging with their customers, learn about them, listen to their feedback and promote their new products and services. Finally, the Facebook platform, which attracts third-party developers to build applications and games catering to Facebook users. This platform has helped Facebook in attracting lots of users. All these functionality has helped Facebook in increasing their user base and developing an internet eco system. Different functionality offer uniqu e advantages to different user group attracting them towards Facebook. 2. Evaluate the success of Facebook Fan pages. Facebook Fan pages are so successful because they are integrated right into user’s news feeds. If a company has any update or promotes on their page then fans of that page will automatically see it and know about it. In order to make fan page successful admin must update page regularly. Admin can also use photos, videos or other advertising techniques to increase fan’s engagement with the page. These technique catch users’ attention and encourage users’ input if they like the videos or photos, these updates help users remember sales, deals and new products that are being advertise. Another advantage with Facebook fan page which makes it hugely successful is that when you promote a Fan page, it shows up on the friend’s feeds making page accessible to friends of fans making it more likely for your friend to like or promote the page.

Plagiarism is academic dishonesty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Plagiarism is academic dishonesty - Essay Example Writing is the fundamental source of knowledge which is vital for progress and development in all areas. Therefore, writing has to be original and the ownership must be declared. Avoiding plagiarism is also necessary in order to improve the validity of information. When an individual owns a piece of writing, he/she essentially becomes responsible for the credibility of information given therein. This paper tends to explore what plagiarism and academic dishonesty are and the factors that influence academic dishonesty. Literature Review Plagiarism Plagiarism can be defined as the act of taking and using an individual’s thoughts, inventions, or writings and presenting them as your own in your paper. It is an honesty concern and it entails attempting to persuade someone like a college professor that the piece of writing or the idea is your original work, when you are aware that someone else exactly used the thought you did (Cruey 1). In other words, plagiarism is a literary theft. It is the stealth of ideas as well as words. Plagiarized work creates confusions about the original ownership of the data.

Life Cycle Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Life Cycle Analysis - Case Study Example In the end I have concluded this paper with my final words. The conclusion consisted of possible strategies or plans of action that the company could take to come out of the position it is in at the moment. In the end, I would like to state that the purpose of this paper was only academic and it was not intended to take any unlawful gain from the data used in this paper. Coyote Logistics are industry leader in logistics industry. It was founded in 2006 in Chicago, Illinois. They provide a wide range of services to their clients. These services include: Supply Chain Management, Transportation and Technological Solutions. In terms of revenue the company is going from strength to strength Coyote Logistics' revenue grew 587.5 percent from 2006 to 2008 according to the company. They also increased the number of the employees from 82 in 2006 to about 350 at the end of 2008. In order to qualify, the company had to be privately owned, based in the 20-county metro Atlanta area and not be a subsidiary of another company. It has to have been established in the first quarter of 2006 or earlier, and to have had 2008 revenue between $1 million and $300 million. Coyote logistics is the industry leader in logistics industry. ... If we look at the company from the lens of life-cycle assessment we will determine the company's true worth in the social environment. The Life Cycle Analysis or Assessment is the investigation and it is a means by which we evaluate the true worth of the company for society. It helps us in determining environmental costs and benefits that the company is rendering. These costs are known as social costs. The first thing that used in the life cycle analysis is determining the goal and scope of this analysis. In our case we want to determine the social costs of Coyote Logistics. Coyote Logistics is using modern technology in its operations. So, our scope will deeper in determining how this technology is developed. If Coyote Logistics technology has result in destruction of any natural resources while experimenting then the cost of that natural resources will be apportion to the product in which this technology is used. Similarly, as a result of development of this new technology, some costs would have been reduced and the society would have been benefitted from this cost reduction and these will be considered as possible benefits for the society or social benefits. So, we want to assess the technological aspect of Coyote Logistics and that is where we will set our boundaries. If we do not set these boundaries we will have assess every single detail and that would be impossible to compu te and will be too time consuming. The next step is called Life Cycle Inventory Analysis. In this stage we will collected the data from Coyote Logistic about their products and based on our findings created a model. According to their Coyotelogistics.com, they have been able out perform other companies worth

The Hobbit by J R R Tolkien Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

The Hobbit by J R R Tolkien - Research Paper Example However, not only does the work of john use imaginative writing, it also incorporates other styles of literature in a bid to compliment the various themes and consequently enhance the plot while at the same time creating memorability of the particular piece of literature. Evidently, since johns work are majorly fictional stories, they are aimed to target audience who are young in terms of age and therefore read literature that is captivating while at the same time helps them to get an insight into the world of literature. However, in this paper we are going to focus on the novel, the hobbit written by john. In addition to that, we try to establish the various style of literature employed in this particular work of art and highlight on the relevance in the development of the plot and the themes of the story. Perhaps, in this paper we are going to focus on the role of imaginary writing approaches used by john in this particular novel. On that note, in order to get a glimpse on the role of imagery in this particular narrative, it is essential to read and consequently read and properly understand the plot of the story. First and foremost, the hobbit was first published in September 21st, 1937. On that note, it is one of the most successful works of literature produced by John (Watson, 253). For instance, the New York Herald Tribune named this book as being the best juvenile fiction and a prize was awarded. The hobbit is a story about elves and dwarfs. Apparently, Gandalf who is a wizard uses trickery on Bilbo Baggins who is a hobbit, in a bid to enable Bilbo to welcome and host a group of reunion of Thorin and his dwarf counterparts (Walker, 7). On that note, the meeting is purposed to addressing ways in which they can reclaim their homeland; Lonely mountains. Notably, they use the element of musicality to air their views and as the song come to a halt, Gandalf the wizard, reveals that he is in possession of a map that highlights a secret entrance into the mountain. On their endeavour to reach this destination, they pass through the misty mountain where they are attacked by goblins that live in tha t area and they are forced to go deep into the ground through canyons. However, Gandalf was able to save them but Bilbo was separated from this group as they escaped from the goblins (Nelson, 38). At this point in the story, john uses imagery to describe the structural makeup of the goblins in comparison to the dwarfs. In addition to that, we are able to learn that the dwarfs were small in size and thus at a disadvantage as compared to the goblins (Nelson, 38). Notably, at this juncture, the use of imagery to create mental pictures in a bid boost the understanding of the situation better in relation to the audience was essential. In the course of the separation with his fellow comrades, Bilbo gets lost in the goblin tunnels and it is at this point that he acquires a mysterious ring from Gollum, who eventually helps him find his way out of the goblin tunnel as a reward of unravelling the riddles posed to him by Gollum (Christensen, 10). However, Bilbo was able to use the abilities of the ring; provide invisibility to the one wearing it, to escape the goblin tunnels and was able to reunite with his fellow dwarfs thus boosting his reputation among the dwarf who previously viewed him as weak and full of fear. Despite their

Stems Cells Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stems Cells - Research Paper Example Stem cells refer to undifferentiated cells that have the capacity to differentiate and form specialized types of cells; these cells also have the ability for self regeneration. The potential of stem cells to differentiate encompasses the ability to develop and form other cell types. For instance, a totipotent stem cell such as a fertilized egg can develop into cell types such as embryonic membranes. In addition, a pleuripotent stem cell can advance and develop into cell types, which may emanate from all three germinal layers. Self-regeneration entails how stem cells divide, leading to the production of other stem cells. The division takes place symmetrically during the early stages of development. This means that each cell undergoes division, resulting to daughter cells that have the same potential (Panno 1). Later on, asymmetrical division takes place with one of the daughter cells produced during symmetrical division, leading to the production of a stem cell and another cell that has more differentiation. Stem cells tend to occur in most multi-cellular organisms. They have the ability to undergo mitotic cell division and renew themselves. As a result, they may differentiate into numerous specialized cell types Panno 10). There are two main sources of stem cells; these include embryos that may be formed during embryological development (embryonic stem cells) and adult tissue, which can also be referred as adult stem cells. Adult stem cells can also be referred as somatic stem cells; after the development of the embryo, they can be found all over the body. Embryonic stem cells emanate from a human embryo, which can be four or five days in the development phase known as a blastocyst Panno 12). Cloning refers to the process whereby there is the production of multiple offspring that tend to be identical. It entails the asexual production of a copy that looks exactly like the original. For instance, cloning can be used in the production of

Why Nevada Should Follow Colorado's Model for Marijuana Legalization Research Paper

Why Nevada Should Follow Colorado's Model for Marijuana Legalization - Research Paper Example ubsequent legalization of the use of the herb has been a topic under heated controversy in Nevada as more pro-marijuana groups organize the movement of advocate for legalized marijuana use for not only the medical use but also for recreational use for adults above twenty one years. The legalization of marijuana is advocated for due to the benefits that are enjoyed by states such as Colorado that have already legalized fully the use and possession of marijuana. Legalization of marijuana in Nevada will lead to a positive impact in the state socially, economically and medically. The major arguments supporting the legalization movement is based on the improvement of the medical application, reduction in crime, economic benefits, revenue on the government, and saving the budgetary costs of institutions such as correctional facilities, rehabilitation and the judiciary. Colorado and Washington were the pioneer states of legalizing marijuana and in 2016, Nevada is expected to follow suit as various complains are underway for the coming year of reforms. Full Legalization of marijuana will help Nevada to explore the many health and medicinal uses of marijuana. In Nevada, medical application of marijuana has been decriminalized although mostly regulated. Fully legalization of marijuana will lead to medical exploration of all the potential used of marijuana in the treatment of various diseases and health conditions. The successful use of marijuana and the rationale for is legalization is due to the fact that it is safe for human use especially where controlled for medical use. The herb has minimal toxicity thereby presenting no threat of lethal overdose. As such, the patient’s health is secured with no reported cases of end-organ failure or the need for routine laboratory monitoring. First, the herb has great therapeutic benefits. When applied in patients with certain psychiatric conditions, they enhance therapeutic effects on the patient by producing anti-inflammatory,

Geo Ass 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Geo Ass 3 - Assignment Example The rapid growth of Seoul City has attracted many people into the city, transforming it into a megacity. The city is considered so because it has a population estimated at about 11.8 million residents. In fact, the city’s metropolitan has a population of about 25.6 million. Because of Seoul’s large population and small area, the city is extremely densely populated estimated at about 44,776 people per square mile. Since the space available in the city cannot accommodate the residents, people in the city live mainly in high-building apartments. Despite the beauty of the city, Seoul has witnesses a traffic mess due to the many number of cars in the city. As a result, the city municipality has been forced to construct large highways to ease the traffic flow in the city. However, it is becoming a key concern that the traffic flow might get messier if the population of the city continues to grow this fast. Additionally, life in Seoul is relatively hard because of the high prices of commodities, which has become a big concern for its

Crime as dark play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Crime as dark play - Essay Example For instance, the cockfighting by Balinese can be considered as a deep play that involves all the players not only the cocks but also the owners of these cocks (Geertz 56). Deep play, dark play are some theories to describe an event or situation like horse racing or Russian roulette in which the threat to life is at maximum level. The involvement in the sport or event is so high that it makes people think if its really worth engaging in it. Deep and dark play creates a situation in which the life of that person is entirely dependent on that entourage. The characters might not even realize how grave the risk is before committing themselves to that situation. Vanishing Point, a 1971 American movie, explores the concept of dark play very well. The movie shows a delivery driver, Kowalsky, who agrees to take a car to San Francisco from Colorado. Kowasky is shown as an aggressive man who has suffered a lot in life and lost all his loved ones. From flash backs in the movie, the audience is told that life has not been easy on him as he suffered injuries in the war with Vietnam and was also convicted of drug charges after he stopped his partner from committing rape. Tired with life, he hits the road at high speed to take out the frustration he had inside him for so many years. Though his intentions were not to hurt anyone on the road, Kowalsky is portrayed as a rebellious man who is willing to take any challenge as it comes. The police soon learn of a speedy driver on the road and the chase between Kowalsky and police begins. He soon becomes very popular and the media starts reporting him on radio and newspapers. The movie at length shows how h e dodges the police and manages to avoid the traps they lay for him. After playing all the catch and mouse game, the man with no purpose in life (Kowalsky) intentionally hits his car against a truck and commits suicide (Berra). When I closely

The Gift of Magi Essay Example for Free

The Gift of Magi Essay Characteristics of Jim and Della Dillingham Della Dillingham young beautiful poor courage’s loving Della is James Dillingham’s wife in story. She is a young beautiful woman with beautiful long knee length hairs. She loves her husband most and always try’s to keep him happy, whenever her husband ‘jim’ came home she hugs him gently. When the story opens Della is counting money that she has saved to buy her husband a Christmas present and she starts crying after realizing how little she has to buy a good Christmas present for her husband. They were poor, after saving for whole month she could only save $ 1.87. They only possess two worthy things one is Della’s hair and other is Jim’s watch which is given to him by his father. After thinking for a while Della makes decision to cut and sell her hairs for money to buy a good Christmas present for her husband. This shows the courage’s nature of Della. She cuts of her hair and get $20 for them. With the money from her hair she buys a beautiful platinum watch chain for her husband. Later when jim came back home and sees della in short hairs he got stunned by her appearance, della then reminds him that her hairs will grow quickly again and she wants him happy,for it is Christmas eve, and she cut and sold her hairs because she could not face Christmas without a gift for him.This incidence of story shows her unconditional and unselfish love for her husband. James Dillingham Young Hard working serious poor loving Della’s husband Jim is a thin, serious young man, 22 years old. The author of the story has described Jim to the readers by comparing him with the platinum watch chain : was like him â€Å"quietness and value – the description applies to both† Jim is a hard working man , he never returns home before 7 o’clock .and is reliable also â€Å"jim was never late†. Jim’s most prized possession is the gold watch that has been handed over to him by his father and to his father from his grandfather. But jim clearly values his wife more than his watch because he sells it in order to buy a set of beautiful combs for her beautiful long hairs as a present for Christmas. This shows how much he loves his wife.

Locus of Control Essay Example for Free

Locus of Control Essay After completing and evaluating my responses to the Locus of Control Assessment, my result was that I have an internal locus of control. An internal locus of control is when a person believes that they are generally in control of the events that affect their life. In my opinion, the assessment is right, I believe I control most of the events that happen in my life. Now, on the other end an external locus of control is when a person believes that they generally do not have control of the events that affect their life (Myers, 2012, p. 1). The two reliable sources I found that provided information on Locus of Control were www. ncrel. org and www. psych. uncc. edu. After conducting some research I have determined that there are positive and negative outcomes for both internal and external locus of control. The important thing is to keep a balance between them. Some positive internal locus of control situations are when you study hard and get an A in your test or when you enter a contest and win. In these situations you controlled the event in your life. The negative aspect of an internal locus of control is that in some cases you can’t control the events that affect your life. For example being diagnosed with colon cancer or having surgery to remove your intestine. In these situations are person with an internal locus of control may feel hopeless and blame them selves for not preventing it. When it comes to an external locus of control the positive aspect of it is that when situations arise that person will most likely attribute it to something else. For example, they would say it was luck if they won the lottery or the teacher was in a good mood if they got a C in their math class. In negative cases they will blame others for the outcome because they believe they don’t have any control over the events that happened in their life. An example would be if they don’t do their homework because their mom forgot to buy paper or if they have an accident and rear end the person in front of them and blame the other driver for stopping abruptly. In my opinion, it is better to have an internal locus of control. The reason why I believe this is because in most cases we have control over certain events that happen in our life. Having an external locus of control would give the person no sense of responsibility for their actions since they feel they do not have control over it. A person with an internal locus of control is more responsible, successful, easily motivated and always looking for improvement within them. A person with an external locus of control is less responsible, blames everyone else for their failures, is less motivated and success is something they feel will happen if others achieve it for them. Depending on the situation or the life event these two have to be balanced. If you’re a person with an internal locus of control like me and we experience a situation that is out of our hands we have to accept that and understand that not everything in life can be controlled. Some things are going to happen no matter what we do. In cases like this is when it’s good to have an external locus of control because for some people not being in control all the time and experiencing a situation that is out of their hands can be damaging for their self-esteem. When an event arises we should be able to logically look at the situation and analyze if there was anything we could have done different to solve the problem or avoided it and evaluate the decisions we made that concluded with the end result. Once you analyze the situation you can determine if changing the steps you took would have changed the end result. If it wouldn’t have changed the out come then it was out of your hands and you should see it as an external locus instead of an internal locus.

Human Resource Development at Pizza Hut

Human Resource Development at Pizza Hut Human resource development ABSTRACT Human resource development is one of the most important factors affecting organisational productivity and profitability because well-trained and developed personnel will ensure long-term organisational success. Thus, effective development of human capital should help organisations to maintain a competitive advantage. However, fulfilling competitive success through manpower requires that organisations are willing to adapt traditional behaviours and group dynamics. The pressures of global economic development and competition, innovative technology, and the diversity of the workforce demand that organisations re-evaluate existing paradigms and approaches used to conduct training and development in building future leaders. The purpose of this study is to investigate the selection of training approaches, appropriateness of training delivery options, and appropriateness of training methods for the delivery of development programs within the pizza hut. This study was designed to provide the needed relevant information with regard to the particular dimensions of pizza hut personnel development programs either for training professionals who conduct training or managers and related persons who may attend training sessions. For this study, a survey-questionnaire will be utilised as the primary method to obtain the research data. The questionnaire will be consists of closed-ended questions to obtained valid and complete data. The sample will consist of 10 personnel at managerial positions in Pizza hut. The sample of managers will be chosen randomly, however, the research will attempt to get a wide range of individuals. The researcher has chosen deductive approach to carry out primary research in conjunction with secondary research from the literature review. With quantitative research, the deductive approach seems to be appropriate for the research survey and will allow the author to investigate effectiveness of training and development process to create future leaders. The findings of this research study would be able to assist managers of all level in Pizza hut, with practical ideas. The results of this study revealed that pizza hut is carrying out effective training programmes somehow to create future leaders. Although the results of this study presume effective training programmes and development process are not the only conclusive factor in creating managers, it can be assumed that managers cannot presently take full advantage of training programmes in Pizza hut However, it is more important to investigate from which training design source or item the personnel most likely perceive significant to their development. Moreover, other definitive requisites should always be performed simultaneously. Overview The research on a company for my dissertation is Pizza hut a well well-known global fast food Brand. The reason for the dissertation is to find the problems faced by managers towards their training and development. In this chapter the main reason of the research is clarified and justified. The aims and objectives of the study are discussed, and the chapter end up with a tiny sight into the history of pizza hut UK. Background of study Human resource development is one of the most important factors affecting organisational productivity and profitability because well-trained and developed personnel will ensure long-term organisational success. Organisations of all sizes have recognised the value of training (Banks, Bures, Champion 1987, p19). Thus, effective development of human capital should help organisations to maintain a competitive advantage ( Pfeffer 1995). However, fulfilling competitive success through manpower requires that organisations are willing to adapt traditional behaviours and group dynamics. The pressures of global economic development and competition, innovative technology, and the diversity of the workforce demand that organisations reassess existing paradigms and approaches used to conduct training and development (Brown 1998). Human Resource Management (HRM) may not understand the value associated with the training of personnel that includes operational issues such as the strategic plan, the roles and responsibilities, and the value attributed to each and every personnel. An organisations most valuable assets are their personnel. As such, they can improve an personnels self-value and supply their value to the organisation by providing knowledge, skills, and tools that will lead to a reduction in errors and thereby a reduction in costs. Costs associated with training are well worth the expenditures when the training leads to improved care and a reduction in errors. Problem of statement Underlying the problems faced by managers of pizza hut with the training and development process to enhance their career in the organisation and adverse events is a significant disconnect between comprehensive, integrated training and the expectations and fundamental skills needed by pizza hut managers. Lack of continuous integrated training leads to increased variation and increased outlays; therefore, quality is diminished and effectiveness lacks in the training and development of an employee within the organisation. Training is often split, superficial, and only emphasised as a reaction to internal or external stimuli such as a survey, adverse event, or litigation. Such training is generally not incremental or reinforced, nor does it provide a structure in which healthcare workers can contribute to an organisations performance improvement and value adding by taking the initiative and promoting positive change. Both healthcare managers and personnel need to understand the long term, integrated commitment required to initiate lasting changes in the face of established organisational culture, complacency, and general resistance to change. Facilities today are required to provide authorized orientation and training to new personnel. Once the new personnel orientation has taken place, the only other mandated training is for yearly orientation. The exceptions to this would be for skills competency and specialty training, which are generally focused on specific tasks and do not entail a comprehensive, intergraded approach that ensures sustained competency and improvement. This pizza hut standard of training does not capture the ongoing identified needs of the workforce and can lead to untoward events. These events do not necessarily lead to consistent training, or monitoring and evaluation of sustained improvement in management training and development. Monitoring of incidences may occur, but the linkages to organised process related training and implementation are not clearly defined and coordinate throughout the organisations. Purpose of Project When training proposal is supported by an appropriate development process and well integrated into the structure of an organisation, variation is reduced, cost is decreased, and consequently, the value is added to organisation. With the integration of comprehensive training comes a reduction in wasteful resource allocation as a result of reduced error, rework, and litigation. Comprehensive training and development are fundamental to improving processes and creating an environment in which personnel are motivated to improve their performance; they provide a foundation to build upon. Personnel, at all levels, also gain professional insight and strength through continued training and development. This project is geared in the direction of growth of understanding of how comprehensive training and development will ultimately lead to value adding. Since there is a need for training initiative and resource allocation, managers must embrace this concept in order for the training to be effective and engrained in organisations value creation. For those who sincerely wish to establish such positive change, awareness of the commitments in time, money, and human resources required for initiating and seeing through to completion lasting changes development will be stressed. This project shall depict the importance and benefits of organisational training and development in such a manner that organisation will desire to impart this knowledge to healthcare managers and personnel. Training personnel at all levels how to understand and drive the changes required to securely grafting effective value adding to their organisation. This is critical as the coalition of empowered personnel needed to develop, sell, guide, and drive the necessary changes, to be successful, must be recruited from throughout the workforce. They will need to reduce complacency and increase urgency. They will need to create a change coalition, develop a guiding vision, sell that vision to others, etc. If they have sufficient autonomy, they can often do so regardless of what is happening in the rest of the organisation (Kotter 1996, p 46). Furthermore, it would be beneficial if leadership extended this philosophy of training to include suppliers and vendors so that the culture is all encompassing and reaches out to all those who interact with the organisation. Comprehensive training programs provide a foundation for pizza hut workers to support ingenuity, motivation and teamwork. Research question and objectives In this dissertation process, I will emphasis on the effective training and development carried out by pizza hut. This will give me information, which I will use in respect to my topic and help me in bringing out the critical review and conclusion in accordance to my knowledge. Base on the aims above the following objectives are set: To understand the role of Training and development in the working environment of an organisation. To get positive outcome through my research by identifying needs and necessities using various methods as proposed in my methodology. Background of pizza hut Pizza hut is one the biggest food chain company in the world. This company has been running successfully for about 50 years and still mounting its name day by day. Pizza hut was established in USA and started its operation in a very small level. The first ever pizza hut was started in1958 in Wichita Kansas, USA by the collaboration of two brothers Frank and Dan. They opened a small restaurant and named it pizza hut. The growth was remarkable as 150 restaurants were opened in its first 10 years of operation in USA. In 1968 its first international restaurant was opened in Canada. Sooner it became the biggest pizza restaurant chain across the world in total number of restaurants and in sales. In1971 Pizza hut was climbing up in terms of sales and number of restaurants globally which allowed it to grab a position in the New York Stock Exchange. At present pizza hut is running over 7,000 outlets worldwide. In 1973 the first pizza hut was established in UK and proved to be a very good restaurant chain. Pizza hut is on the top when we compare all the fast food pizza outlets operating across the UK with more than 700 outlets. Pizza hut is owned by Yum Brands a US based company. Yum brands also owns AW All American Food, KFC, Long John Silvers Pizza Hut Taco Bell. If the handbook of Pizza Hut is viewed, the vision of Pizza Hut UK market is clearly mentioned to be the most loved and trusted brand in UK. Its passion is Great Pizza, Great people, and Great times. Millions of customers are served everyday with millions of Pizzas. According to management the company wants to have the most loved and trusted out lets. Pizza Hut wants to be the most trusted and favourite brand not only among its customers but among its employees as well. Structure of study This study is organised as follows. The introduction is Chapter One. Chapter Two examines the current theoretical and empirical literature on training and development, in an attempt to understand the contributions which have been made to date, and to define potential gaps which could be filled by this dissertation. In reviewing the relevant literature, not only is it important to clarify some of the terms which will be used in the study, it is also important to recognise that an understanding of these terms will evolve as the study progresses. In HRD, one of the most commonly recognised approaches to improving performance is training. Training includes instructional experiences which are designed to develop skills and knowledge, to achieve organisational objectives, to assist organisational change, and ultimately, to be applied in the workplace for the sake of organisational improvement (Bramley 1996). Chapter Three describes the research design and methodology employed in the study. To truly understand the impact of a training program on an individuals productivity, morale, behaviour, and understanding within his or her organisation, training must be evaluated long after the session is completed. Through questionnaires, informal conversations and interviews, a greater understanding of the challenges and opportunities faced by the trainees once they complete the training can be reached. Because of limited resources and/or a lack of commitment to examining the ongoing impact of training, this continuous measurement and follow up is not often practiced. The researchers role in this study was that of a participant observer. Participants were aware of the researchers presence and purpose for her involvement. Because the researcher was the instrument in the collection and analysis of the data, he maintained a closeness to the topic, and continually assessed and documented his values, assumptions, and conceptual framework. Detailed field notes and research notes were kept throughout the project, to keep track of emerging thoughts, patterns, and ideas, and to keep the conceptual framework of the project in focus. The researcher remained open to the evolving nature of the study, and understood that it was often necessary to collect additional types of data as the study progressed. In an attempt to produce the most credible, coherent, and potentially generalisable study, the data were collected by using a variety of methodological strategies, to cast a wide net to ensure that the highest quality data were collected. The use of multiple methods, often referred to as triangulation, includes such practices as interviewing, observing, and collecting relevant artefacts or documents, all of which were utilised in this study. Richness of the data, length of time spent in the setting, relationships developed, and the representation of the perspectives of the participants, all contribute to the coherence and comprehensiveness of a study (Erickson 1986). Qualitative data analysis is the process of constructing meaning out of the data and constructing an account. Analysis is the point at which the researcher interacts with the data to construct, reduce, interpret, understand and eventually communicate them and make a connection between assertions and data. Assertions come from data as a whole, keeping in mind the concept of bounded rationality, which says that we cannot collect everything, but we must do as much as possible to insure a coherent and comprehensive study (Simon 1946). To answer the research question for this dissertation, a thorough, constant analysis of the data was conducted, in an attempt to recognise observable themes and patterns, which arose with regard to training transfer. General assertions were made based on those themes and patterns, which emerged throughout the data as a whole. Once these connections were made within the data, the findings are represented to the reader. The training and development will continue to evolve responsibly through a better understanding of the context in which they take place, and the individuals involved. This focus will become clearer through quality research and inquiry, which seeks to understand the contextual elements of Human Resource Development practices within organisations. Chapter Four presents the research findings. Chapter Five focuses on the implications, limitations, significance, recommendations, and conclusions of the study, based on the findings. While the intentions of this project are to contribute empirical and theoretical knowledge to the field of Human Resource Development, it is important to consider the limitations inherent in its design. Openness of the participants, the length of time that must be spent to truly understand the perspectives of the participants, and the exploration of only one technique of one training organisation are limitations which must be taken into consideration in doing this study. It can be argued, however, that the very limitations of qualitative research are, in fact, its strengths. Overview In this chapter, researches related to the impact of training on organisational performance and success. The first part provides a definition of training and development. The second part discusses the training process. Training needs assessment is discussed in detail in the third part. Training evaluation is discussed in the fourth portion. Finally, background information regarding pizza hut utilised in this research is presented. Training and development Human Resource Development (HRD) can be universally recognised as a very effective approach to improve performance within training. Training consists of a variety of experiences that intend to enhance and develop skills and knowledge in order to accomplish organisational objectives, to improve and change organisational aspects within the work place (Bramley 1996; Broad Newstorm 1992). According to Manpower Services Commission (1981) training is a planned process to modify attitude, knowledge, skills, or behaviour through learning experience to achieve effective performance in an activity or range of activities. Its purpose in work situation is to develop the abilities of the individuals and to satisfy the current and future needs of the organisation. In the same way development is a type of progression in which persons may find it more effective when learning through experiences. It is a procedure that helps people make use of the skills and knowledge that their past teachings and training has given them, this helps not only in present jobs but also anything that may come up in the future. It personifies theories and ideas connected with psychological growth, greater immaturity and increased confidence. According to Ivancevich (2004), training and development are processes that provide (or at least try to) a personnel with information and skills they need in order to understand the organisation and its goals. They are designed to help a person continue to make positive contributions in the form of good performance. Training helps personnel do their current work better while development prepares them for the future. Training is an important process to every personnel. It is a systematic process in which an individual is aided to alter his behaviour in a direction that will achieve the organisations goals. Ivancevich (2004) describes the goals of training as training validity, transfer validity, intra-organisational validity, and inter-organisational validity. Training validity determines if the trainees learn skills or acquire knowledge or abilities during training while transfer validity determines if these learned skills or acquired knowledge or abilities result to improvement on job performance. Intra-organisational validity determines if the job performance of a new group of trainees in the same organisation that developed the program comparable to that of the original training groups job performance. Finally, intra-organisational validity determines if the validated training program in one organisation can be applied with successful results in another organisation. Noe (2003) defines training as planned effort by a company to facilitate personnel learning of job-related competencies including knowledge, skills, or behaviours that are critical for successful job performance. Training helps personnel master knowledge, skills, abilities and behaviours emphasised in training programs and to apply them in their day-to-day activities (Noe 2003). As argued by Noe (2003), training is a process which not only needs basic skills, which would be skills that are sufficient enough to perform ones job, but also needs skills at an advanced levels which enables a person to use high technological information and share it with other personnel. This would be perfect in order to gain competitive advantage. A good understanding of the customer and the system is also a key aspect within training. Al of these put together collectively defines intellectual capital. A training initiative which requires generating intellectual capital is a training which goes by the name of high -leverage training. According to Carnevale (1990), high-leverage training, which is linked to strategic business goals and objectives, uses an instructional design process to ensure the effectiveness of training programs, and compares or benchmarks the companys training programs against other companys training programs( Noe2003). According to Richard M. Hodgetts and Fred Luthans (1976), training is a procedure of changing behaviour and attitudes in a way that increases the success of reaching ones targets. According to both theorists culture, customs and work habits of the local people should also be taught in training process. And if all the above mentioned factors along with other factors are considered properly it would boost towards the success of any establishment. According to Hall (2004). Formal training programs are not seen to be enough in accordance to todays fast moving world. A few other things the author believes is that in order to uphold certain standards that are commercial and cost effective, the people should be execution experts. A lot of senior executives believe that budget will stay tight, even after a full economic recovery, and that headcount, time. IT support, and other resources will continue to be in short supply. The opportunity and demand for enterprise-wide initiatives to bring about wholesale change will only increase. If you are a leader of learning, your future and the future of your organisation depends on your ability to make significant initiatives happen despite the challenges of day-to-day work. To acquire this you need to become an execution expert. Todays best-in-class learning professionals operate differently than those who came before them. Their thoughts are focused on 3 areas: business strategy, resources, and execution. (Hall 2004, p65-6). Two different training methods are identified by the authors (Ferris et al, 2006), the first set of training is described as the routine training which is given to all level of working staff. The other set of training however, is a type of training in which political skills is the main and important component of training and development process and is aimed mainly for senior executives. As the work force moves up the chain of command to higher jobs at wider scales, technical capability is less important and political skill takes its place. When the centre for Creative Leadership studied why once-promising executives failed on the job, lack of social effectiveness emerged as a leading cause. The political skill which is mentioned quite a bit, is a type of skill that distinguishes successful and efficient managers from those managers who are inefficient. It is also an ability which merges together social intelligence which facilitates and adjusts to situations where differentiation and changes are of demand. In return this helps in developing and advancing the working conditions. Training and development at individual level To identify each persons own knowledge, skills and abilities in order to assess each individual and progress them at the pace According themselves. Psychology theorists e.g. Likert (1961), Mayo (1933) cited by Younglin (2001) entails that employee satisfaction and well being are related to performance, but in those theories they did not explicitly hypothesize about the appropriate level of analysis, for example individuals, groups or organizations. Assessments and one to one meetings allow employees to reflect on their own learning needs in relation to their work aims. It also provides well controlled learning experiences linked to professional and administrative needs, goals and job requirements. Individual levelled training and development is the base and the stepping stone of any needs assessment. All managers have different emphasis on specific needs collaborating with their job description, level of education and intelligence experience and personal choice. Focusing on employees individual needs appraisals makes it easier to compile personal development plans that suit each employee according to their own level of competency. Training and development at organisational level It is vital for organisations to focus on peoples capability to foresee, adapt and respond to sudden changes in the environment. Training and development will have to join together it with corporate goals. It must be accurate with what the business leaders are trying to achieve. In order for training to seem more appropriate, its programme will revolve around business related matters for the future. In practice, its achievements will shoulder on developing apparent training objectives from the tactical issues of the business. Effective managers are created in an environment where there is continuity in the learning manner. A high level of experience, expertise and mind power of the internal as well as external trainers is essential, along with their commitment and capability to maintain a healthy relationship committed to management maturity. The method of learning can often engage unlearning certain behaviours and attitudes. certainly, in relation to organisations (Hamel Prahalad 1994, cited in Cole, 2000, p268) found that creating a learning organisation is only half the solution. Just as important is creating an unlearning organisationto create the future, a company must unlearn at least some of its past. According to Cole (2000) training and development of workforce is a concern that is faced by more or less all the establishment. The quantity and excellence of training carried out varies a lot from organisation to organisation. Therefore most of the establishments are adapting systematic approach to the training and development of their employees. Organisations use systematic training cycle to perform a logical sequence of activities commencing within the organisations starting with the training policy, assessment of training needs, carrying out training and evaluations. Cole (2000, p.278) summarises that this training cycle is quite beneficial within an organisation. The systematic approach to training and development arises from the amount of internal and external stress for alteration in the organisation. Firstly in a systematic approach is to develop a policy statement to act as a channel to the organisations intentions regarding the weight and track to be given by to training and development. Secondly initialise a set of roles for those in charge for implementing the policy and thirdly to set up a appropriate structure of training posts and procedures, and to allocate adequate funds to the training establishment. As all the steps are followed with completeness then one can focus on the analysis of training needs, evaluation and review of training carried out. Training policy Establishments mostly deal with a wide range of policies dealing with human resources. Policies are set by the establishments to develop their employees and to monitor their performance by certain training and development programs and courses, conducted internally or externally. According to Cole (2000), training focuses on learning needs and are mainly associated to existing responsibilities and duties which are narrowly linked to short, medium and long term business plans and are seen as an key element of an establishment to prove to its consumers, training and development are the key to success of any organisational goals which indicates the overall plan of an organisation, execution of training and development programs provides a direct link to the organisational goals for those who are accountable for the best possible results. Most of the organisations have a extended tradition of raising their own managers and professionals and providing them with in-house courses according to organisational needs. Some of the organisations rely on external management trainings and courses. Training needs Needs assessment is the process of determining if training is necessary (Noe 2003) and identifying the organisations training needs (Ivancevich 2004) and answering the question of whether training addresses the organisations needs, objectives and problems (Arthur et al. 2003). According to Noe (2003), if the needs assessment phase, the first phase in the instructional design process, is poorly conducted, training will not meet the desired outcome or financial benefit for the company, regardless of the training method and the learning environment. According to Boydell (1985) there are three levels of training needs which are to be studied before putting the programs in to practice. This three-step process consists of organisational analysis, person analysis and task analysis. There are a few factors linked with organisational analysis, such as when given the company resources is the relevant training appropriate, where is training needed in the organisation, which goals can be accomplished through personnel training, and if to determine as to wether or not training can be used to improve a companys success ( Noe 2003, Arthur et al. 2003, Ivancevich 2004). When assessed at an organisational level we must see the general weaknesses the organisation has perceived in its priorities and what would be the prescribed remedy that would be required in alteration of the organisational culture. According to Noe (2003), there are three factors to be considered before choosing training as a solution, these three factors being, the companys strategic direction, managers and peers support for training activities and the training resources available.(Noe 2003) Training to some level should help a company achieve its business strategy. If one was to define a business strategy, it is said that this is an approach which refers to a plan that joins together the companys goal, policies and actions (Meister 2000). Noe (2003) also mentions that the strategic role of training influences the frequency and type of training, and how the training function is organised in the company. (p 42) it is more likely the regularity of training will be higher in companies where training is expected to be a factor in the achievement of the companys business strategies and goals as a post to those companies where in training is done randomly or unplanned. Also it is said that the higher the strategic role of planning, it is more likely that the company will organise the training purpose using a virtual training organisation or corporate university models. (Noe 2003) The managers and peers support for training activities is a critical factor in considering a training programme. To be successful, managers and peers should have a positive attitude in participating a training activity. Furthermore, managers and peers should be willing to provide trainees with infor Human Resource Development at Pizza Hut Human Resource Development at Pizza Hut Human resource development ABSTRACT Human resource development is one of the most important factors affecting organisational productivity and profitability because well-trained and developed personnel will ensure long-term organisational success. Thus, effective development of human capital should help organisations to maintain a competitive advantage. However, fulfilling competitive success through manpower requires that organisations are willing to adapt traditional behaviours and group dynamics. The pressures of global economic development and competition, innovative technology, and the diversity of the workforce demand that organisations re-evaluate existing paradigms and approaches used to conduct training and development in building future leaders. The purpose of this study is to investigate the selection of training approaches, appropriateness of training delivery options, and appropriateness of training methods for the delivery of development programs within the pizza hut. This study was designed to provide the needed relevant information with regard to the particular dimensions of pizza hut personnel development programs either for training professionals who conduct training or managers and related persons who may attend training sessions. For this study, a survey-questionnaire will be utilised as the primary method to obtain the research data. The questionnaire will be consists of closed-ended questions to obtained valid and complete data. The sample will consist of 10 personnel at managerial positions in Pizza hut. The sample of managers will be chosen randomly, however, the research will attempt to get a wide range of individuals. The researcher has chosen deductive approach to carry out primary research in conjunction with secondary research from the literature review. With quantitative research, the deductive approach seems to be appropriate for the research survey and will allow the author to investigate effectiveness of training and development process to create future leaders. The findings of this research study would be able to assist managers of all level in Pizza hut, with practical ideas. The results of this study revealed that pizza hut is carrying out effective training programmes somehow to create future leaders. Although the results of this study presume effective training programmes and development process are not the only conclusive factor in creating managers, it can be assumed that managers cannot presently take full advantage of training programmes in Pizza hut However, it is more important to investigate from which training design source or item the personnel most likely perceive significant to their development. Moreover, other definitive requisites should always be performed simultaneously. Overview The research on a company for my dissertation is Pizza hut a well well-known global fast food Brand. The reason for the dissertation is to find the problems faced by managers towards their training and development. In this chapter the main reason of the research is clarified and justified. The aims and objectives of the study are discussed, and the chapter end up with a tiny sight into the history of pizza hut UK. Background of study Human resource development is one of the most important factors affecting organisational productivity and profitability because well-trained and developed personnel will ensure long-term organisational success. Organisations of all sizes have recognised the value of training (Banks, Bures, Champion 1987, p19). Thus, effective development of human capital should help organisations to maintain a competitive advantage ( Pfeffer 1995). However, fulfilling competitive success through manpower requires that organisations are willing to adapt traditional behaviours and group dynamics. The pressures of global economic development and competition, innovative technology, and the diversity of the workforce demand that organisations reassess existing paradigms and approaches used to conduct training and development (Brown 1998). Human Resource Management (HRM) may not understand the value associated with the training of personnel that includes operational issues such as the strategic plan, the roles and responsibilities, and the value attributed to each and every personnel. An organisations most valuable assets are their personnel. As such, they can improve an personnels self-value and supply their value to the organisation by providing knowledge, skills, and tools that will lead to a reduction in errors and thereby a reduction in costs. Costs associated with training are well worth the expenditures when the training leads to improved care and a reduction in errors. Problem of statement Underlying the problems faced by managers of pizza hut with the training and development process to enhance their career in the organisation and adverse events is a significant disconnect between comprehensive, integrated training and the expectations and fundamental skills needed by pizza hut managers. Lack of continuous integrated training leads to increased variation and increased outlays; therefore, quality is diminished and effectiveness lacks in the training and development of an employee within the organisation. Training is often split, superficial, and only emphasised as a reaction to internal or external stimuli such as a survey, adverse event, or litigation. Such training is generally not incremental or reinforced, nor does it provide a structure in which healthcare workers can contribute to an organisations performance improvement and value adding by taking the initiative and promoting positive change. Both healthcare managers and personnel need to understand the long term, integrated commitment required to initiate lasting changes in the face of established organisational culture, complacency, and general resistance to change. Facilities today are required to provide authorized orientation and training to new personnel. Once the new personnel orientation has taken place, the only other mandated training is for yearly orientation. The exceptions to this would be for skills competency and specialty training, which are generally focused on specific tasks and do not entail a comprehensive, intergraded approach that ensures sustained competency and improvement. This pizza hut standard of training does not capture the ongoing identified needs of the workforce and can lead to untoward events. These events do not necessarily lead to consistent training, or monitoring and evaluation of sustained improvement in management training and development. Monitoring of incidences may occur, but the linkages to organised process related training and implementation are not clearly defined and coordinate throughout the organisations. Purpose of Project When training proposal is supported by an appropriate development process and well integrated into the structure of an organisation, variation is reduced, cost is decreased, and consequently, the value is added to organisation. With the integration of comprehensive training comes a reduction in wasteful resource allocation as a result of reduced error, rework, and litigation. Comprehensive training and development are fundamental to improving processes and creating an environment in which personnel are motivated to improve their performance; they provide a foundation to build upon. Personnel, at all levels, also gain professional insight and strength through continued training and development. This project is geared in the direction of growth of understanding of how comprehensive training and development will ultimately lead to value adding. Since there is a need for training initiative and resource allocation, managers must embrace this concept in order for the training to be effective and engrained in organisations value creation. For those who sincerely wish to establish such positive change, awareness of the commitments in time, money, and human resources required for initiating and seeing through to completion lasting changes development will be stressed. This project shall depict the importance and benefits of organisational training and development in such a manner that organisation will desire to impart this knowledge to healthcare managers and personnel. Training personnel at all levels how to understand and drive the changes required to securely grafting effective value adding to their organisation. This is critical as the coalition of empowered personnel needed to develop, sell, guide, and drive the necessary changes, to be successful, must be recruited from throughout the workforce. They will need to reduce complacency and increase urgency. They will need to create a change coalition, develop a guiding vision, sell that vision to others, etc. If they have sufficient autonomy, they can often do so regardless of what is happening in the rest of the organisation (Kotter 1996, p 46). Furthermore, it would be beneficial if leadership extended this philosophy of training to include suppliers and vendors so that the culture is all encompassing and reaches out to all those who interact with the organisation. Comprehensive training programs provide a foundation for pizza hut workers to support ingenuity, motivation and teamwork. Research question and objectives In this dissertation process, I will emphasis on the effective training and development carried out by pizza hut. This will give me information, which I will use in respect to my topic and help me in bringing out the critical review and conclusion in accordance to my knowledge. Base on the aims above the following objectives are set: To understand the role of Training and development in the working environment of an organisation. To get positive outcome through my research by identifying needs and necessities using various methods as proposed in my methodology. Background of pizza hut Pizza hut is one the biggest food chain company in the world. This company has been running successfully for about 50 years and still mounting its name day by day. Pizza hut was established in USA and started its operation in a very small level. The first ever pizza hut was started in1958 in Wichita Kansas, USA by the collaboration of two brothers Frank and Dan. They opened a small restaurant and named it pizza hut. The growth was remarkable as 150 restaurants were opened in its first 10 years of operation in USA. In 1968 its first international restaurant was opened in Canada. Sooner it became the biggest pizza restaurant chain across the world in total number of restaurants and in sales. In1971 Pizza hut was climbing up in terms of sales and number of restaurants globally which allowed it to grab a position in the New York Stock Exchange. At present pizza hut is running over 7,000 outlets worldwide. In 1973 the first pizza hut was established in UK and proved to be a very good restaurant chain. Pizza hut is on the top when we compare all the fast food pizza outlets operating across the UK with more than 700 outlets. Pizza hut is owned by Yum Brands a US based company. Yum brands also owns AW All American Food, KFC, Long John Silvers Pizza Hut Taco Bell. If the handbook of Pizza Hut is viewed, the vision of Pizza Hut UK market is clearly mentioned to be the most loved and trusted brand in UK. Its passion is Great Pizza, Great people, and Great times. Millions of customers are served everyday with millions of Pizzas. According to management the company wants to have the most loved and trusted out lets. Pizza Hut wants to be the most trusted and favourite brand not only among its customers but among its employees as well. Structure of study This study is organised as follows. The introduction is Chapter One. Chapter Two examines the current theoretical and empirical literature on training and development, in an attempt to understand the contributions which have been made to date, and to define potential gaps which could be filled by this dissertation. In reviewing the relevant literature, not only is it important to clarify some of the terms which will be used in the study, it is also important to recognise that an understanding of these terms will evolve as the study progresses. In HRD, one of the most commonly recognised approaches to improving performance is training. Training includes instructional experiences which are designed to develop skills and knowledge, to achieve organisational objectives, to assist organisational change, and ultimately, to be applied in the workplace for the sake of organisational improvement (Bramley 1996). Chapter Three describes the research design and methodology employed in the study. To truly understand the impact of a training program on an individuals productivity, morale, behaviour, and understanding within his or her organisation, training must be evaluated long after the session is completed. Through questionnaires, informal conversations and interviews, a greater understanding of the challenges and opportunities faced by the trainees once they complete the training can be reached. Because of limited resources and/or a lack of commitment to examining the ongoing impact of training, this continuous measurement and follow up is not often practiced. The researchers role in this study was that of a participant observer. Participants were aware of the researchers presence and purpose for her involvement. Because the researcher was the instrument in the collection and analysis of the data, he maintained a closeness to the topic, and continually assessed and documented his values, assumptions, and conceptual framework. Detailed field notes and research notes were kept throughout the project, to keep track of emerging thoughts, patterns, and ideas, and to keep the conceptual framework of the project in focus. The researcher remained open to the evolving nature of the study, and understood that it was often necessary to collect additional types of data as the study progressed. In an attempt to produce the most credible, coherent, and potentially generalisable study, the data were collected by using a variety of methodological strategies, to cast a wide net to ensure that the highest quality data were collected. The use of multiple methods, often referred to as triangulation, includes such practices as interviewing, observing, and collecting relevant artefacts or documents, all of which were utilised in this study. Richness of the data, length of time spent in the setting, relationships developed, and the representation of the perspectives of the participants, all contribute to the coherence and comprehensiveness of a study (Erickson 1986). Qualitative data analysis is the process of constructing meaning out of the data and constructing an account. Analysis is the point at which the researcher interacts with the data to construct, reduce, interpret, understand and eventually communicate them and make a connection between assertions and data. Assertions come from data as a whole, keeping in mind the concept of bounded rationality, which says that we cannot collect everything, but we must do as much as possible to insure a coherent and comprehensive study (Simon 1946). To answer the research question for this dissertation, a thorough, constant analysis of the data was conducted, in an attempt to recognise observable themes and patterns, which arose with regard to training transfer. General assertions were made based on those themes and patterns, which emerged throughout the data as a whole. Once these connections were made within the data, the findings are represented to the reader. The training and development will continue to evolve responsibly through a better understanding of the context in which they take place, and the individuals involved. This focus will become clearer through quality research and inquiry, which seeks to understand the contextual elements of Human Resource Development practices within organisations. Chapter Four presents the research findings. Chapter Five focuses on the implications, limitations, significance, recommendations, and conclusions of the study, based on the findings. While the intentions of this project are to contribute empirical and theoretical knowledge to the field of Human Resource Development, it is important to consider the limitations inherent in its design. Openness of the participants, the length of time that must be spent to truly understand the perspectives of the participants, and the exploration of only one technique of one training organisation are limitations which must be taken into consideration in doing this study. It can be argued, however, that the very limitations of qualitative research are, in fact, its strengths. Overview In this chapter, researches related to the impact of training on organisational performance and success. The first part provides a definition of training and development. The second part discusses the training process. Training needs assessment is discussed in detail in the third part. Training evaluation is discussed in the fourth portion. Finally, background information regarding pizza hut utilised in this research is presented. Training and development Human Resource Development (HRD) can be universally recognised as a very effective approach to improve performance within training. Training consists of a variety of experiences that intend to enhance and develop skills and knowledge in order to accomplish organisational objectives, to improve and change organisational aspects within the work place (Bramley 1996; Broad Newstorm 1992). According to Manpower Services Commission (1981) training is a planned process to modify attitude, knowledge, skills, or behaviour through learning experience to achieve effective performance in an activity or range of activities. Its purpose in work situation is to develop the abilities of the individuals and to satisfy the current and future needs of the organisation. In the same way development is a type of progression in which persons may find it more effective when learning through experiences. It is a procedure that helps people make use of the skills and knowledge that their past teachings and training has given them, this helps not only in present jobs but also anything that may come up in the future. It personifies theories and ideas connected with psychological growth, greater immaturity and increased confidence. According to Ivancevich (2004), training and development are processes that provide (or at least try to) a personnel with information and skills they need in order to understand the organisation and its goals. They are designed to help a person continue to make positive contributions in the form of good performance. Training helps personnel do their current work better while development prepares them for the future. Training is an important process to every personnel. It is a systematic process in which an individual is aided to alter his behaviour in a direction that will achieve the organisations goals. Ivancevich (2004) describes the goals of training as training validity, transfer validity, intra-organisational validity, and inter-organisational validity. Training validity determines if the trainees learn skills or acquire knowledge or abilities during training while transfer validity determines if these learned skills or acquired knowledge or abilities result to improvement on job performance. Intra-organisational validity determines if the job performance of a new group of trainees in the same organisation that developed the program comparable to that of the original training groups job performance. Finally, intra-organisational validity determines if the validated training program in one organisation can be applied with successful results in another organisation. Noe (2003) defines training as planned effort by a company to facilitate personnel learning of job-related competencies including knowledge, skills, or behaviours that are critical for successful job performance. Training helps personnel master knowledge, skills, abilities and behaviours emphasised in training programs and to apply them in their day-to-day activities (Noe 2003). As argued by Noe (2003), training is a process which not only needs basic skills, which would be skills that are sufficient enough to perform ones job, but also needs skills at an advanced levels which enables a person to use high technological information and share it with other personnel. This would be perfect in order to gain competitive advantage. A good understanding of the customer and the system is also a key aspect within training. Al of these put together collectively defines intellectual capital. A training initiative which requires generating intellectual capital is a training which goes by the name of high -leverage training. According to Carnevale (1990), high-leverage training, which is linked to strategic business goals and objectives, uses an instructional design process to ensure the effectiveness of training programs, and compares or benchmarks the companys training programs against other companys training programs( Noe2003). According to Richard M. Hodgetts and Fred Luthans (1976), training is a procedure of changing behaviour and attitudes in a way that increases the success of reaching ones targets. According to both theorists culture, customs and work habits of the local people should also be taught in training process. And if all the above mentioned factors along with other factors are considered properly it would boost towards the success of any establishment. According to Hall (2004). Formal training programs are not seen to be enough in accordance to todays fast moving world. A few other things the author believes is that in order to uphold certain standards that are commercial and cost effective, the people should be execution experts. A lot of senior executives believe that budget will stay tight, even after a full economic recovery, and that headcount, time. IT support, and other resources will continue to be in short supply. The opportunity and demand for enterprise-wide initiatives to bring about wholesale change will only increase. If you are a leader of learning, your future and the future of your organisation depends on your ability to make significant initiatives happen despite the challenges of day-to-day work. To acquire this you need to become an execution expert. Todays best-in-class learning professionals operate differently than those who came before them. Their thoughts are focused on 3 areas: business strategy, resources, and execution. (Hall 2004, p65-6). Two different training methods are identified by the authors (Ferris et al, 2006), the first set of training is described as the routine training which is given to all level of working staff. The other set of training however, is a type of training in which political skills is the main and important component of training and development process and is aimed mainly for senior executives. As the work force moves up the chain of command to higher jobs at wider scales, technical capability is less important and political skill takes its place. When the centre for Creative Leadership studied why once-promising executives failed on the job, lack of social effectiveness emerged as a leading cause. The political skill which is mentioned quite a bit, is a type of skill that distinguishes successful and efficient managers from those managers who are inefficient. It is also an ability which merges together social intelligence which facilitates and adjusts to situations where differentiation and changes are of demand. In return this helps in developing and advancing the working conditions. Training and development at individual level To identify each persons own knowledge, skills and abilities in order to assess each individual and progress them at the pace According themselves. Psychology theorists e.g. Likert (1961), Mayo (1933) cited by Younglin (2001) entails that employee satisfaction and well being are related to performance, but in those theories they did not explicitly hypothesize about the appropriate level of analysis, for example individuals, groups or organizations. Assessments and one to one meetings allow employees to reflect on their own learning needs in relation to their work aims. It also provides well controlled learning experiences linked to professional and administrative needs, goals and job requirements. Individual levelled training and development is the base and the stepping stone of any needs assessment. All managers have different emphasis on specific needs collaborating with their job description, level of education and intelligence experience and personal choice. Focusing on employees individual needs appraisals makes it easier to compile personal development plans that suit each employee according to their own level of competency. Training and development at organisational level It is vital for organisations to focus on peoples capability to foresee, adapt and respond to sudden changes in the environment. Training and development will have to join together it with corporate goals. It must be accurate with what the business leaders are trying to achieve. In order for training to seem more appropriate, its programme will revolve around business related matters for the future. In practice, its achievements will shoulder on developing apparent training objectives from the tactical issues of the business. Effective managers are created in an environment where there is continuity in the learning manner. A high level of experience, expertise and mind power of the internal as well as external trainers is essential, along with their commitment and capability to maintain a healthy relationship committed to management maturity. The method of learning can often engage unlearning certain behaviours and attitudes. certainly, in relation to organisations (Hamel Prahalad 1994, cited in Cole, 2000, p268) found that creating a learning organisation is only half the solution. Just as important is creating an unlearning organisationto create the future, a company must unlearn at least some of its past. According to Cole (2000) training and development of workforce is a concern that is faced by more or less all the establishment. The quantity and excellence of training carried out varies a lot from organisation to organisation. Therefore most of the establishments are adapting systematic approach to the training and development of their employees. Organisations use systematic training cycle to perform a logical sequence of activities commencing within the organisations starting with the training policy, assessment of training needs, carrying out training and evaluations. Cole (2000, p.278) summarises that this training cycle is quite beneficial within an organisation. The systematic approach to training and development arises from the amount of internal and external stress for alteration in the organisation. Firstly in a systematic approach is to develop a policy statement to act as a channel to the organisations intentions regarding the weight and track to be given by to training and development. Secondly initialise a set of roles for those in charge for implementing the policy and thirdly to set up a appropriate structure of training posts and procedures, and to allocate adequate funds to the training establishment. As all the steps are followed with completeness then one can focus on the analysis of training needs, evaluation and review of training carried out. Training policy Establishments mostly deal with a wide range of policies dealing with human resources. Policies are set by the establishments to develop their employees and to monitor their performance by certain training and development programs and courses, conducted internally or externally. According to Cole (2000), training focuses on learning needs and are mainly associated to existing responsibilities and duties which are narrowly linked to short, medium and long term business plans and are seen as an key element of an establishment to prove to its consumers, training and development are the key to success of any organisational goals which indicates the overall plan of an organisation, execution of training and development programs provides a direct link to the organisational goals for those who are accountable for the best possible results. Most of the organisations have a extended tradition of raising their own managers and professionals and providing them with in-house courses according to organisational needs. Some of the organisations rely on external management trainings and courses. Training needs Needs assessment is the process of determining if training is necessary (Noe 2003) and identifying the organisations training needs (Ivancevich 2004) and answering the question of whether training addresses the organisations needs, objectives and problems (Arthur et al. 2003). According to Noe (2003), if the needs assessment phase, the first phase in the instructional design process, is poorly conducted, training will not meet the desired outcome or financial benefit for the company, regardless of the training method and the learning environment. According to Boydell (1985) there are three levels of training needs which are to be studied before putting the programs in to practice. This three-step process consists of organisational analysis, person analysis and task analysis. There are a few factors linked with organisational analysis, such as when given the company resources is the relevant training appropriate, where is training needed in the organisation, which goals can be accomplished through personnel training, and if to determine as to wether or not training can be used to improve a companys success ( Noe 2003, Arthur et al. 2003, Ivancevich 2004). When assessed at an organisational level we must see the general weaknesses the organisation has perceived in its priorities and what would be the prescribed remedy that would be required in alteration of the organisational culture. According to Noe (2003), there are three factors to be considered before choosing training as a solution, these three factors being, the companys strategic direction, managers and peers support for training activities and the training resources available.(Noe 2003) Training to some level should help a company achieve its business strategy. If one was to define a business strategy, it is said that this is an approach which refers to a plan that joins together the companys goal, policies and actions (Meister 2000). Noe (2003) also mentions that the strategic role of training influences the frequency and type of training, and how the training function is organised in the company. (p 42) it is more likely the regularity of training will be higher in companies where training is expected to be a factor in the achievement of the companys business strategies and goals as a post to those companies where in training is done randomly or unplanned. Also it is said that the higher the strategic role of planning, it is more likely that the company will organise the training purpose using a virtual training organisation or corporate university models. (Noe 2003) The managers and peers support for training activities is a critical factor in considering a training programme. To be successful, managers and peers should have a positive attitude in participating a training activity. Furthermore, managers and peers should be willing to provide trainees with infor